Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction in Children with Coeliac Disease: Is the Gluten-Free Diet Effective?

Table 3

Tissue Doppler echocardiography indices of groups.

	Group 1 EmA (+) (𝑛: 26)	Group 2 EmA (−) (𝑛: 49)	Control 𝑛=30	𝑃
MV E′	0.16 ± 0.03^b	0.16 ± 0.04^d	0.11 ± 0.01^b,d	<0.0001
MV A′	0.10 ± 0.12^b	0.08 ± 0.07^d	0.04 ± 0.02^b,d	<0.0001
MV E′/A′	2.37 ± 0.71	3.02 ± 4.63	3.31 ± 5.42	0.616
MV S′	6.85 ± 1.32^a	6.65 ± 1.32^c	7.53 ± 0.49^a,c	0.033
MV IVRT	70.46 ± 24.35^e	58.96 ± 8.82^e	57.13 ± 2.89	<0.0001
MV IVCT	66.96 ± 26.99^a	63.55 ± 21.11^c	52.13 ± 3.66^a,c	0.034
LV MPI	1.02 ± 0.44^b,e	0.68 ± 0.25^d,e	0.56 ± 0.07^b,d	<0.0001
TV E′	0.39 ± 0.95^b	0.19 ± 0.12^d	0.41 ± 0.02^b,d	<0.0001
TV A′	0.14 ± 0.12^a	0.14 ± 0.11	0.11 ± 0.02^a	0.020
TV E′/A′	1.30 ± 0.43	1.71 ± 0.92	1.34 ± 0.17	0.901
TV S′	6.50 ± 1.56	7.12 ± 3.95	7.06 ± 0.59	0.115
TV IVRT	72.35 ± 26.01^a	75.24 ± 26.80^c	47.13 ± 5.85^a,c	0.001
TV IVCT	55.88 ± 15.39	66.47 ± 18.82	54.30 ± 1.66	0.715
RV MPI	0.86 ± 0.27^b	0.77 ± 0.22^d	0.54 ± 0.02^b,d	<0.0001

^aGroup 1 and control group statistically significant (𝑃<0.05).
^bGroup 1 and control group statistically significant (𝑃<0.001).
^cGroup 2 and control group statistically significant (𝑃<0.05),
^dGroup 2 and control group statistically significant (𝑃<0.001).
^eGroup 1 and group 2 statistically significant (𝑃<0.001).
IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time, IVCT: isovolumic contraction time, LV: left ventricle, MPI: myocardial performance index, MV E′: mitral valve early diastolic velocity, MV A′: mitral valve late diastolic velocity, MV S′: mitral valve systolic velocity, RV: Right ventricle, TV E′: tricuspid valve early diastolic velocity, TV A′: tricusp valve late diastolic velocity, TV S′: tricuspid valve systolic velocity.