Abstract
This study was conducted to determine some physical and mechanical properties of high-strength flowable mortar reinforced with different percentages of palm fiber (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6% as volumetric fractions). The density, compressive strength, flexural strength, and toughness index were tested to determine the mechanical properties of this mortar. Test results illustrate that the inclusion of this fiber reduces the density of mortar. The use of 0.6% of palm fiber increases the compressive strength and flexural strength by about 15.1%, and 16%, respectively; besides, the toughness index (I5) of the high-strength flowable mortar has been significantly enhanced by the use of 1% and more of palm fiber.
1. Introduction
High-strength concrete or mortar subjected to axial compression is known to be a brittle material with almost no strain-softening behavior. Adding fibers to plain matrix has little or no effect on its precracking behavior but does substantially enhance its postcracking response, which leads to a greatly improved toughness and impact behavior. The application of fibers in concrete was regarded very difficult in the past, due to insufficient workability of fiber reinforced mixtures. The development of superplasticizer has proven to offer significant improvement in application of fibers like in slabs and floors, shell domes, rock slope stabilization, refractory linings, composite metal decks, seismic retrofitting, repair and rehabilitation of structure, fire protection coatings, concrete pipes and [1]. Over the last three decades, fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has been the subject of many investigations. Researches have been performed on the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete subjected to various types of loading and incorporating different fibers ranging from steel, glass, plastic, and natural fibers in various sizes and shapes [2].
Natural fibers have the potential to be used as reinforcement to overcome the inherent deficiencies in cementitious materials. In recent years, there has been sustained interest in utilizing natural fibers in cement composites and in manufacturing products based on them with a view to have alternate building materials, which are energy efficient, economical, and ecofriendly. If the function of natural fibres in a relatively brittle cement matrix is to achieve and maintain toughness and ductility of the composite, then, the durability of such fibres in a highly alkaline cement matrix must be taken into consideration and ensured by effective modifications made either to the fibre surface or to the matrix composition to overcome the inherent problem [3, 4]. The objectives of the present work was to investigate the effects of palm fiber with different volume fractions on the properties of high-strength flowable mortar.
2. Materials and Mix Proportions
2.1. Materials
The cement used in mortar mixtures was ordinary Portland cement a product of (Tasek Corporation Berhad). Silica fume product (Scancem Materials Sdn. Bhd.) was used as partial replacement of cement in different percentages in this study to determine the optimum percentage of replacement. The chemical compositions of Ordinary Portland and silica fume are given in Table 1. The superplasticizer (SP) (Conplast SP1000, Fosroc Sdn. Bhd.) was used at 2% to give the properties of desirable flowability for all mixes. The fine aggregate used is natural sand, whose fineness modulus is 2.86 and the maximum size is less than 5 mm. The palm fiber is produced by Fiber-X (M) Sdn. Bhd, and its characteristics are shown in Table 2.
2.2. Mix Proportions
Approximate concrete composition is given in Table 3. The mixture is designed according to the absolute volume method given by ACI [5]. The palm fiber of the volumetric fractions 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6% of the mixes were used in preparing mixes M1–M8.
3. Test Methods
Three cube samples 50 mm were used for each mix to test of density and compressive strength after water curing (26 ± 2°C) condition until the age of test. The flow test for mixes was performed according to ASTM C230 [6]. The flow design for all mixes was ≥110 mm. The cube specimens were left in the molds for 24 hours at 20°C. After demolding, the specimens were kept in water curing till the age of test (28 days). The test of saturated surface dry of specimens at the age of test was adopted and implemented according to BS 1881: Part 114 [7].The test of compressive strength was achieved directly after the density test according to ASTM C109 [6] for each test age. Besides, the prismatic steel molds (40 × 40 × 160 mm) were used for the flexural strength test according to ASTM C348 [6] and the Toughness index according to ASTM C1018 [6].
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Saturated-Surface-Dry Density
Table 4 shows the results of the saturated surface dry density for all mixes, and from the results, it can be noticed that the inclusion of palm fiber in the mortar mixes decreases the hardened density, and this can be attributed to the specific gravity of fiber which reduce the overall density of mortar as shown in Figure 1 [8–10].
4.2. Compressive Strength
From Table 4, it can be concluded that the increase of palm fiber increases the compressive strength due to the reduction of porosity in the mortar mixes till 0.6% of fiber as volumetric fraction of the mix. But beyond this fraction, the compressive strength reduces clearly and this can be attributed to the air voids and disintegration with the excessive fiber use in the mixes [10, 11]. From Figures 2 and 3, it can be observed clearly that the increase of fiber from 0% to 0.6% increases the compressive strength by about 16.1% in spite of the decrease in density, but beyond that fraction the usual relation between density and compressive strength can be noticed. Figure 4 illustrates the relation of compressive strength and density for the fiber flowable high-strength mortar at 28 days.
4.3. Flexural Strength
The flexural strength of the high-strength flowable mortar mixes is shown in Table 4.The increase of the flexural strength is compatible with the compressive strength increase, and also, Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the increase of the flexural strength till 0.6% volumetric fraction of palm fiber in the mix and beyond this percentage the decrease in flexural strength can be noticed due to the same former causes listed in Compressive Strength. The relation between compressive strength and flexural strength is shown clearly in Figure 7.
4.4. Toughness Index
Toughness is also defined as energy absorption capacity. The toughness index can be determined according to ASTM C1018. The indices I5, I10, and I30 can be calculated from this test where the ratio of the area under the load deflection curve is up to 3, 5.5, and 15.5 times the first crack deflection, divided by the area up to the first crack deflection, respectively, as shown in Figure 8.
Table 4 illustrates the results of the I5. It can be observed that the fiber fraction up to 0.8% has no effect on the toughness index but it has increased as the fiber fraction increased too. Therefore, the increase for the toughness should require higher volume fraction than 0.8%, but taking into consideration the effect of using that on the other properties of the high-strength flowable mortar [11].
5. Conclusions
Some conclusions from this study can be revealed as follows.(1)The use of palm fiber has clear effects on the properties of high-strength flowable mortar. (2)The flowability of the mortar is affected slightly by the inclusion of the palm fiber in the mixes, and this may help to use this fiber in the field of flowable mortar applications. (3)The use of palm fiber reduces the density, and this may be considered as a significant factor if it is compatible with acceptable ranges of compressive strength. (4)The compressive strength results show that the use of 0.6% of the palm fiber as volumetric fraction increases the strength by about 16%, but beyond this percentage there is a clear decrease in compressive reaches about 21% using 1.6% of fiber volumetric fraction. (5)The flexural strength results show that the use of 0.6% of the palm fiber as volumetric fraction increases the strength by about 11% and again beyond this percentage there is a decrease in flexural strength by about 24% using 1.6% of fiber volumetric fraction. (6)The toughness results illustrate that the use of 0.8% and more of palm fiber has an effect in improving the toughness index (I5); therefore, the development of the ductility and the absorption capacity of the mortar can be expected by only using the percentage of 0.8% or more of palm fibers.
Disclosure
The paper has not been previously published, is not currently submitted for review to any other journal, and will not be submitted elsewhere before a decision is made by this journal.