The organisation of the Atg machinery in functional groups. Yeast ATGs are in blue while the mammalians counterparts, which in few cases comprise few paralogues, are in red. The WIPI’s is a protein family which comprises 4 members: WIPI1, WIPI2, WIPI3, and WIPI4 [20]. Three of them have been shown to be involved in autophagy [20–22]. The LC3’s is a protein family that comprise 6 proteins: LC3A, LC3B, LC3C, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, and GABARAPL3 [23]. All of them associate with autophagosomes [23, 24]. The yeast Atg1 complex contains two subunits, Atg29 and Atg31, which do not have homologues in high eukaryotes. In contrast, the mammalian complex possesses a component, Atg101, which is not found in yeast.
