Technoeconomic and Carbon Emission Analysis for a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Malacca

Table 5

Homer optimization results for grid standalone and PV-integrated systems.

PV panel; and inverter	PV; derating factor (%)	Inverter; life (yr)	PV (kW)	Converter (kW)	Grid (kW)	Initial capital (RM)	Operating cost (RM/yr)	Total NPC (RM)	COE (RM/kWh)	Net grid purchases (RM/kWh)	Renewable fraction (%)	Capacity shortage	Emission (kg/yr)
													Carbon dioxide	Sulfur dioxide	Nitrogen; oxides
Inverter = 250 KW × 4
PV = 165 W	90	20	1000	1000	16000000	3,575,703	413,995	8,667,948	0.121	4,316,632	0.26	0	2728111	11828	5784
PV = 225 W	90	20	1000	1000	16000000	4,388,760	414,266	9,684,464	0.132	4,316,632	0.26	0
PV = 315 W	90	20	1000	1000	16000000	4,388,760	414,266	9,684,464	0.132	4,316,632	0.26	0
Inverter = 500 KW × 2
PV = 165 W	90	20	1000	1000	16000000	3,547,983	413,713	8,836,623	0.120	4,316,632	0.26	0	2728111	11828	5784
PV = 225 W	90	20	1000	1000	16000000	4,361,040	413,876	9,651,764	0.131	4,316,632	0.26	0
PV = 315 W	90	20	1000	1000	16000000	4,361,040	413,876	9,651,764	0.131	4,316,632	0.26	0
Grid	—	—	—	—	16000000	RM0	542,896	6,940,033	0.095	5,744,363	0	0	3630438	15740	7697