Abstract
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Variations are quite common in the pattern of drainage. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of different draining patterns of the right pulmonary veins at the hilum by dissecting the human fixed cadaveric lungs. Clinically, pulmonary veins have been demonstrated to often play an important role in generating atrial fibrillation. Hence, it is important to look into the anatomy of the veins during MR imaging and CT angiography. In 53.8% of cases, the right superior lobar vein and right middle lobar vein were found to be united together to form the right superior pulmonary vein. In contrast to this, in 11.53% of cases, right middle lobar vein united with the right inferior lobar vein to form the right inferior pulmonary vein, while in 26.9% of cases, the right superior lobar vein, right middle lobar vein, and right inferior lobar vein drained separately.
1. Introduction
Pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The lobular tributaries lie mainly in the interlobular septa. One main vein drains each bronchopulmonary segment usually on the anterior surface of the corresponding bronchus. Veins also run between the segments and on the mediastinal and fissural surfaces of the lungs; some veins cross the line of fissure when the fissures are incomplete. The veins of the right medial segment of inferior lobe frequently arise from the veins of the middle lobe. The superior right pulmonary vein drains the right superior and middle lobe and thus corresponds to the superior left pulmonary vein which drains the left superior lobe. The right inferior pulmonary vein and left inferior pulmonary veins drain the corresponding inferior lobes [1]. The present study is to ascertain the incidence of different draining patterns of the right pulmonary vein at the hilum as it is clinically very important to look into the anatomy of the veins during MR imaging and CT angiography.
2. Material and Methods
The study involved twenty-six formalin-fixed adult cadaveric lungs of unknown sex from Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka. The dissection initially involved identifying the structures at the hilum. The pulmonary veins were picked up and their tributaries were traced peripherally by meticulously dissecting the lung tissue using blunt forceps. Interestingly different patterns in the drainage of pulmonary veins were noted.
3. Results
The different draining patterns noted are as follows. In 53.8% of dissected lungs the right superior lobar vein and right middle lobar vein united together to form the right superior pulmonary vein. The right superior lobar vein drained the apical and anterior segment of right upper lobe and also the medial and lateral segments of the right middle lobe from the anterior surface, whereas veins from the posterior segment of the upper lobe drained into the posterior aspect of superior pulmonary vein.
The veins draining the middle lobe united to form the trunk of the middle lobar vein before draining into the right superior pulmonary vein, but the length of the trunk of middle lobar vein varied (Figure 1). Out of these, in 15.38% of dissected specimens, the veins draining the medial and lateral segments of the middle lobe remained separate without forming the common trunk and drained separately into the right superior lobar vein to form the right superior pulmonary vein (Figure 2).
In 26.9% of dissected lungs, the right superior lobar vein and the right middle lobar vein did not join, and all the three lobar veins drained separately at the hilum (Figure 3).
In 11.53% of dissected lungs, the right superior lobar vein received tributaries from the right upper lobe, whereas the right middle lobar vein joined with the inferior lobar vein to form the right inferior pulmonary vein (Figure 4). Out of these, in 3.8% of dissected specimens, the veins draining the medial and the lateral segments of the middle lobe drained separately without forming the trunk into the right inferior lobar vein to form the right inferior pulmonary vein.
In 3.8% of dissected lungs, the right superior lobar vein, the right middle lobar vein, and the right inferior lobar vein drained into a common vein forming the right single unilateral central pulmonary vein (Figure 5).
In one case, that is, in 3.8%, the right superior lobar vein was present behind the bronchus, altering the arrangement of structures at the hilum. In this, the right middle lobar vein joined neither the right superior lobar vein nor the right inferior lobar vein, and all the three right lobar veins drained separately (Figure 6).
Classification into four types depending on the incidence: Type A: RSLV and RMLV join to form RSPV (53.8%). RILV forms RIPV. Type A1: RMLVs form a common trunk and drain into RSLV. Type A2: RMLVs remain separate and drain into RSLV. Type B: RSLV, RMLV, and RILV drain separately (26.9%). Type-C: RSLV forms RSPV. RMLV and RILV join to form RIPV (11.53%). Type D: RSLV, RMLV, and RILV join to form RUSCPV (3.8%).
4. Discussion
Different types of drainage patterns of the pulmonary veins of the right lung have been reported in the literature by the radiologists. In our study, a classification is given concentrating on all the three lobar veins of the right lung.
Variation in the number and the course of pulmonary veins is not uncommon and till now was the subject of only case reports. Although a classification is given by [2, 3], the present classification is given by considering the structures at the level of hilum.
The frequency of atrial arrhythmias is high in patients with separate ostium for the right middle lobar vein than those with other patterns [3]. If more than one pulmonary vein drains anomalously, the volume is usually sufficient to produce the characteristic pattern of the right ventricular diastolic overload.
The ectopic beats arise from these anomalous veins. This greater variability in pulmonary venous anatomy than expected could substantially alter the success rate of radiofrequency ablation, as ectopic foci may go untreated in variant veins [3]. Pulmonary veins play a critical role in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. Knowledge of normal pulmonary venous anatomy is essential for preablation planning and for evaluation of postablation complication [4].
The pulmonary veins are the dominant source of ectopic depolarization initiating atrial fibrillation in the majority of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and catheter ablation has emerged, as realistic treatment strategy targeting these pulmonary venous triggers [5]. The anatomic variation of middle lobar vein draining into the inferior pulmonary vein is surgically important because when performing the right lobar lobectomy, the division of RIPV may lead to severe hemorrhage or improper ligation of drainage veins result in oedema, which can be life threatening if the surgeon overlooks the anomalies, which can lead to an increase in the surgical morbidity [6].
In the present study, in one case, the SLV was present posterior to the bronchus, which is not as infrequent as what was previously believed [7]. Preoperative identification of this variation is useful for decreasing the incidence of unexpected intraoperative bleeding [7]. Electrophysiologic studies [8] reported that five atrial fibrillation foci arose from RMPV. The coupling interval between the ectopic beat of the atrial fibrillation and the sinus beat was longer in RMPV than RSPV. Ectopy from RMPV can initiate atrial fibrillation. Knowledge of the anatomical positions and the morphology of the pulmonary veins by magnetic resonance angiography is useful for electrophysiologist as it facilitates catheter positioning during pulmonary vein ablation [9].
5. Conclusion
In this study, variations in pulmonary venous anatomy were seen in 46.03% of dissected lungs. These variations helped us to come to a conclusion on an anatomical classification, depending on the drainage patterns of the right pulmonary vein at the hilum.
The results confirm that there is considerable variation in the anatomy of pulmonary veins.
With the increasing use of cardiovascular imaging, variations in the pulmonary vein anatomy have become more appreciated, hence detailed knowledge of pulmonary venous anatomy and drainage pattern is important during mapping and ablation procedures.
6. Key Message
Pulmonary veins play a pivotal role in atrial fibrillation. Anatomical variations of these pulmonary veins are arrhythmogenic potential. Variations in the pulmonary veins are not rare but need a detailed study before performing any lung surgeries. CT angiography and MR imaging can pick up such variations to avoid unwanted complications on the table.
Abbreviations
| RSLV: | Right superior lobar vein |
| RMLV: | Right middle lobar vein |
| RSPV: | Right superior pulmonary vein |
| RILV: | Right inferior lobar vein |
| RIPV: | Right inferior pulmonary vein |
| RUSCPV: | Right unilateral single central pulmonary vein. |
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Dr. K. S. Jayanthi and Mr. Sameer for their support.