Abstract
The work investigates the effect of various formulation variables like drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed, and surfactant (Span 80) concentration on the properties of ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl, prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation technique. The drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and drug release behaviour of these microparticles were influenced by these formulation variables. The sustained release characteristic of these microparticles was more prominent in pH 6.8 than pH 1.2. The drug release from ethyl cellulose microparticles was found to follow the Fickian (diffusion-controlled) release mechanism. The drug-polymer interaction and surface topography of these microparticles were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM, respectively.
1. Introduction
Metformin HCl is a biguanide antihyperglycemic drug, which is orally used in the management of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or Type II diabetes mellitus) alone or in combination with other hypoglycemics [1, 2]. Its antihyperglycemic effect is due to the metabolic activities at several sites (biophase), including liver, intestinal muscle cells, and adipocytes [3]. Metformin also has beneficial effect on several cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, elevated plasma-plasminogen activator inhibitor, other fibrinolytic abnormalities and insulin resistance [4]. It has a short biological half-life of 1.5–1.6 h and the daily requirement of it is 1.5–3 g/day [5, 6]. Therefore, the marketed immediate release product needs to be administered 2-3 times daily to maintain effective plasma concentration [7]. Henceforth, there being high incidence of gastrointestinal side effects and toxicity. These drawbacks can be overcome by designing suitable sustained release metformin HCl formulations. Administration of a sustained metformin HCl release dosage form could reduce the dosing frequency and improve the patient compliance.
Among various oral sustained drug delivery systems, polymeric microparticles are one of the options and have been studied in past few decades in order to deliver drug molecules to the target site with specificity with several advantages like better oral bioavailability of drugs, reduction in side effects, decreased dosing frequency, and hence, improved patient compliance [8–10]. Microparticles are solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 μm. In general, polymeric microparticles consist of polymeric matrix, in which drug molecules are dispersed, entrapped, or adsorbed. A number of different polymers both biodegradable and nonbiodegradable have been investigated for preparation of polymeric microparticles [11]. Among them, ethyl cellulose is a water insoluble, nonbiodegradable, biocompatible, and nontoxic cellulose polymer, widely used in formulation of pharmaceutical products [12, 13]. It is also studied extensively as encapsulating material for sustained release of various drugs [13–15]. However, a few works have been carried out so far to prepare metformin HCl loaded ethyl cellulose microparticulate systems. Kar and Choudhury have formulated ethyl cellulose microspheres of metformin HCl by the double emulsion-solvent diffusion method, where a mixed solvent system consisting of acetonitrile, dichloromethane, and liquid paraffin were used as solvents [16]. The surfactant, Span 80 was used here for stabilizing the secondary oil phase. In another investigation, the same research group has prepared ethyl cellulose microspheres containing metformin HCl varying drug-polymer ratios by different microencapsulation techniques, where Span 80 was used during emulsification and petroleum ether was used in nonsolvent addition process [17]. Patel et al. have also developed floating ethyl cellulose microspheres of metformin HCl by nonaqueous emulsification-solvent evaporation technique, where acetone and liquid paraffin were used as solvents [18].
In the present investigation, we made an attempt to prepare various ethyl cellulose microparticles of metformin HCl by emulsification-solvent evaporation technique varying various formulation variables like drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed, and surfactant (Span 80) concentration where methanol, acetone, and liquid paraffin were used as solvents. The effect of above-mentioned formulation variables on the drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and drug release behaviour of ethyl cellulose microparticles of metformin HCl were investigated.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Metformin HCl was a gift sample from Abhilash Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., India. Ethyl cellulose (18–22 cps, Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., India), Span 80 (Ranbaxy Fine Chemicals Ltd., India), methanol (International Chemicals, India), acetone (Merck Specialities Pvt. Ltd., India), liquid paraffin (Merck Specialities Pvt. Ltd., India), petroleum ether (Merck Specialities Pvt. Ltd., India), potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (Qualigens Fine Chemicals, India), sodium hydroxide pellets (Qualigens Fine Chemicals, India), and hydrochloric acid (Qualigens Fine Chemicals, India) were used. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as procured.
2.2. Preparation of Ethyl Cellulose Microparticles Containing Metformin HCl
Ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl were prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation technique varying various formulation variables. Briefly, the drug, metformin HCl was mixed in methanol and ethyl cellulose was mixed in acetone at various drug-polymer ratios (1 : 2, 1 : 4, and 1 : 6). Then, these two were mixed properly, and the slurry was slowly introduced into 50 mL of liquid paraffin containing Span 80 (2%, 4%, and 6%, v/v), as stabilizer and stirred (400, 600, and 1000 rpm) by a mechanical stirrer equipped with a three bladed propeller (Bio Lab Instruments, Type-BL233, India) at room temperature for 2 h to allow the solvent to evaporate completely, and the formed microparticles were collected by filtration. The microparticles were washed repeatedly with petroleum ether (40°–60°C) until free from oil. The collected microparticles were dried for 1 h at room temperature and subsequently stored in a desiccator over fused calcium chloride. Different formulae of ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl with their experimental formulation variables settings are presented in Table 1.
2.3. Determination of Drug Entrapment Efficiency
20 mg of microparticles were taken in 250 mL volumetric flask, and the volume was made up to 250 mL by phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. The whole system was kept for 24 h. Then the solution was filtered, and estimated for metformin HCl content spectrophotometrically at 233 nm against appropriate blank. The drug entrapment efficiency (%) of these microparticles was calculated by the following formula:
2.4. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
FTIR spectra of pure drug (metformin HCl), ethyl cellulose, blank ethyl cellulose microparticles, and drug loaded ethyl cellulose microparticles were obtained by an FTIR spectroscope (Perkin Elmer Spectrum RX I, USA) using KBr disc method. Samples were gently triturated with KBr powder in a weight ratio of 1 : 100 and then pressed using a hydraulic press at a pressure of 100 tons for 10 minutes to prepare KBr pellets. These discs were placed in the sample holder and scanned between 4000 cm−1 to 450 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1.
2.5. Particle Size Measurement
Microparticles were separated into different size fraction by sieving for 10 minutes using a mechanical shaker (Geologists Syndicate Pvt. Ltd., India) containing standard sieves having aperture of 1400, 1000, 355, 250, 180, 150, 125, and 63 μm. The mean particle size of microparticles was calculated.
2.6. Surface Topography Analysis
The surface topography of microparticles was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The samples for the SEM analysis were prepared by sprinkling the microparticles on the side of the double adhesive stub. The stub was then coated with gold, and gold-coated samples were observed by scanning electron microscope (JEOL, JSM-5200, Japan).
2.7. In Vitro Drug Release Study
In vitro drug release studies were carried out at °C and 50 rpm using 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2 for 2 h (900 mL), and phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 for 6 h (900 mL), for all products in USP type II dissolution apparatus (Campbell Electronics, Mumbai). Accurately weighed samples of microparticles were added to dissolution mediums. 10 mL of aliquots was collected at regular time intervals, and the same amount of fresh dissolution medium was replaced into dissolution vessel to maintain the sink condition throughout the experiment. The collected aliquots were filtered and suitably diluted to determine the absorbance using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) at 233 nm for phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 and 206 nm for 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2.
2.8. Kinetics of Drug Release
Release of drug molecules from a simple swellable polymeric matrix can be described by the following power law expression: where and are, respectively, the amount of drug released at time, , and at infinite time, represents a rate constant, and is the diffusional exponent; this indicates the drug release mechanism [19]. To evaluate the mechanism of drug release from different ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl, the drug release data for 6 h were fitted in the logarithmic form of the power law equation:
The values of were determined from the slops and intercepts of the straight line. In case of Fickian release (diffusion-controlled release) from spherical matrices, the value of is ≤0.43, whereas in case of case-II transport (relaxation-controlled release), it is ≥0.85. The non-Fickian release (anomalous transport) of drugs occurs when the values of fall within 0.43 and 0.85 [20, 21].
2.9. Statistical Analysis
The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (S.D.), . The significance of the drug release results was assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A value of <0.05 was considered significant.
3. Results and Discussion
Metformin HCl loaded ethyl cellulose microparticles were prepared by emulsification-solvent evaporation technique. The effects of various formulation variables like drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed, and surfactant (Span 80) concentration on the microparticle characteristics (drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and drug release behaviour) were investigated.
3.1. Drug Entrapment Efficiency
The drug entrapment efficiency (%) of various formulated ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl was within the range of (F1) to % (F7) (Table 2). A significant increase in drug entrapment efficiency (%) of these microparticles () was observed with the decreasing drug-polymer ratio (increasing polymer content), when stirring speed and surfactant concentration were constant. The higher the polymer content, the higher the probability of drug surrounded by the polymer, which acted as barrier to prevent diffusion of drug molecules into the external phase. But no significant differences () were observed with the variation of stirring speed (400 to 100 rpm) and surfactant (Span 80) concentration (2 to 6%, v/v), when other formulation variables were constant.
3.2. Particle Size
The mean particle size of ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl are presented in Table 2, and all these microparticles were within the range of to μm. Decreasing the drug-polymer ratio from 1 : 2 to 1 : 6 (increasing the ethyl cellulose content) in the preparation of these ethyl cellulose microparticles resulted in the formation of comparatively larger microparticles ( to μm). This observation may be attributed to an increase in viscosity of the internal phase with the increasing amount of polymer, ethyl cellulose. The higher the viscosity of the internal phase, the greater the amount of energy required to break the drug-polymer droplets into smaller particles [22]. On the other hand, with the increasing of stirring speed from 400 to 800 rpm, the mean particle size of these microparticles was decreased from to μm. This phenomenon strongly supports the idea that the high stirring speed could provide high shearing force needed to breakdown the drug-polymer droplets into smaller particles [22, 23]. Again, as the concentration of surfactants, Span 80 was increased from 2 to 6% v/v; the mean particle size of these microparticles was reduced from to μm. This was in accordance with the theory of effect of surfactant concentration on particle size.
3.3. Surface Topography
The surface morphology of ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl was analyzed by SEM (JEOL, JSM-5200, Japan). The SEM photographs of various microparticles are presented in Figure 1. The surface of these microparticles was rough and revealed the presence of pores in the drug-loaded microparticles. Again, the SEM photograph of drug-loaded microparticles showed the presence of drug particles on their surface, which was responsible for the initial burst release of drug during dissolution [24].
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3.4. FTIR Spectroscopy
The FTIR spectra (Figure 2) revealed that there was no such interaction between metformin HCl and the polymer, ethyl cellulose. The principal absorption peaks of metformin HCl appear at 3169 cm−1 due to the N-H stretching of the primary amine group (-NH2) and at 1063 cm−1 due to C-N stretching. A peak at 1584 cm−1 occurs due to N-H bending vibrations of the primary amine group. The identical peaks (N-H stretching, C-N stretching, and N-H bending vibrations) were also appeared in the spectra of ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl. However, these were absent in blank ethyl cellulose microparticles.
3.5. In Vitro Drug Release
The percentage of drug (metformin HCl) released from ethyl cellulose microparticles were evaluated in 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. The sustained release characteristic of these microparticles was more prominent in pH 6.8 than pH 1.2. The release of metformin HCl from formulation of F3, F4, and F7 was slower than other formulations. The in vitro release of metformin HCl from ethyl cellulose microparticles was biphasic with the initial burst drug release effect, which was varied depending on the drug-polymer ratio. The initial burst effect may be attributed as a desired effect to ensure initial high plasma concentration of drug to elicit pharmacological activity. The effect of retardation on drug release rate depends on the drug-polymer ratio (Figures 3 and 4). As the ethyl cellulose content in the microparticles increased, the drug release rate from these microparticles was decreased. This may be attributed to the slower rate of drug diffusion from these microparticles into the dissolution mediums due to increased thickness of the polymeric matrix. On the other hand, the drug release from these microparticles was faster with the higher rate of stirring speed during their preparation (Figures 5 and 6). This could occurr due to the reduction of mean particle size of these ethyl cellulose microparticles with the higher stirring speed. The reduction of mean particle size of microparticles could facilitate higher rate of drug diffusion from larger surface area provided by the smaller microparticles. The release of drug from these microparticles also depends on the concentration of surfactant (Span 80), which was used at the time of preparation as stabilizer. As the concentration of Span 80 increased, the release rate was increased (Figures 7 and 8). This observation strongly supports the idea that the solubility enchantment of drugs by the effect of surfactant, Span 80.
3.6. Release Kinetics
The determined values of (diffusional exponent) were varied within the range of 0.13 to 0.36 ( to 0.99) for all the formulated ethyl cellulose microparticles containing metformin HCl (Table 3). The values indicated that the drug release from these microparticles prepared using different formulation variable settings followed the Fickian release or diffusion-controlled release mechanism [20, 21].
4. Conclusion
It can be concluded that the emulsification-solvent evaporation technique is a simple and reproducible method for the preparation of metformin HCl-loaded ethyl cellulose microparticles. The drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and drug release behaviour of these microparticles were influenced by various formulation variables like drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed, and surfactant (Span 80) concentration. Though the resulting microparticles discharged metformin HCl more rapidly in acidic pH, than in alkaline pH, sustained release was achieved in alkaline pH. Once the release is reduced in acidic pH through modification, the ethyl cellulose microparticles can be useful for the delivery of highly water-soluble drug, metformin HCl in the management of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.