Clinical Pharmacology in Sleep Medicine

Figure 1

Neuropsychiatric adverse effect profiles. The frequency of reported adverse effects for each drug is given according to the color key. The categories that included a spectrum of symptoms are as follows: parasomnia (abnormal dreams, nightmares, vivid dreams, complex sleep-related behavior, sleep cooking, sleep eating, sleep driving, phone calls, restless legs or leg movements); sleepiness/fatigue (drowsy, hangover, hypersomnia, lethargy, sedation, sluggish, somnolence); gait and coordination (imbalance, dizziness, dysarthria, falls, motion sickness, vertigo); sensory change (hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia, numbness, back pain, myalgia, neuralgia, paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy); motor change (akathisia, ataxia, choreiform movements, dysdiadochokinesis, dyskinesia, hyperkinesias, dystonia, tics, extrapyramidal symptoms, hypertonia, hypotonia, muscle spasm, myoclonus, parkinsonism, Tourette’s, tremor, twitching); memory/cognition (abnormal thinking, attention disturbance, amnesia, cognitive disorder, confusion, mental impairment); psychiatric change (anger, anxiety, apathy, dysphoria, emotional lability, irritability, malaise, mood swings, aggression, agitation, disinhibition, hostility, inappropriate behavior, delirium, delusions, depersonalization, derealization, psychosis, hallucinations, mania, nervousness, tension, paranoia, depression).