Surgery for Gynecomastia in the Islamic Golden Age: Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD)

Table 1

Natural substances and their confirmed effects in modern medicine described in Al-Tasrif for the surgical management of gynecomastia.

Common name	Scientific name	Effects
Dragon’s blood	Calamus draco	Wound healing [22], antimicrobial [22]
Sarcocolla	Astragalus fasciculifolius	Wound healing [23, 24]
Myrrh	Commiphora molmol	Wound healing [25], antibacterial [26]
Aloe	Aloe vera	Antimicrobial [27], wound healing [28]
Gum Arabic tree	Acacia arabica	Antibacterial [29]