Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Networks in Atherosclerosis

Table 1

Cytokines and their sources. EC: endothelial cell, L: lymphocyte, M: monocyte/macrophage, P: platelet, and SMC: smooth muscle cell.

	Cell source	Cytokine family	Leukocyte phenotype	Detected in plaque	Primary signaling
Proatherogenic
IL-1𝛽	M, L, EC, and SMC	IL-1	−	+	p38/NF-𝜅B
IL-6	M, L, EC, and SMC	IL-6	−	+	JAK1/STAT3
IL-8	M, L, EC, and SMC	IL-8	−	+	GPCR/NF-𝜅B
IL-12	M, L	IL-6	Th1	+	JAK2/STAT3
IL-18	M	IL-1	Th1	+	p38/NF-𝜅B
IFN𝛾	M, L, EC, and SMC	IFN	Th1	+	JAK1/STAT1,2
TNF𝛼	M, L, and SMC	TNF	−	+	p38/NF-𝜅B
Antiatherogenic
IL-10	M, L	IL-10	Th2	+	JAK1/STAT1,3,5
IL-33	M, L	IL-1	Th2	+	p38/NF-𝜅B
TGF𝛽	M, L, SMC, and P	TGF	Th2	+	SMAD2,3
Likely antiatherogenic
IL-4	L	IL-4	Th2	+	JAK1/STAT5
IL-19	M, L, EC, and SMC	IL-10	Th2	−	JAK1/STAT3