Neuropsychiatric Features of a Cohort of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Table 1

(a) Clinical, imaging, EMG, and EEG characteristics of individual APS⁻ NPSLE patients recorded at the time of the initial NP manifestation. (b) Clinical, imaging, EMG, and EEG characteristics of individual APS⁺ NPSLE patients recorded at the time of the initial NP manifestation.

(a)

ID	Age of the patient at the time of NP event (years)	Interval between NP event and SLE diagnosis (years)	Case definition	Brain CT scan/brain MRI/EMG
1*	16	−2	Generalized seizure disorder, acute psychosis, and severe hemicraneal headache	MRI: generalized cortical atrophy
2	11	0	Generalized seizure disorder	Not available
3*	30	0	Generalized seizure disorder	MRI: multiple focal deep white matter lesions hyperintense in T2-weighted images and FLAIR
4*	17	0	Generalized seizure disorder	MRI: no abnormality
5*	42	−1	Generalized seizure disorder, severe headache, major depression	MRI: subcortical high signal bifrontal, bilateral deep cortical, and corona radiata focal lesions in T2-weighted images.
6*	23	0	Generalized seizure disorder and ischemic stroke	MRI: right cerebral atrophy. Left thalamic calcified lesion.
7	49	0	Ischemic stroke	CT scan: ischemic infarct left hippocampus
8	31	1	Ischemic stroke	CT scan: left lenticular haemorrhagic infarct
9	50	2	Ischemic stroke	MRI: right ischemic parieto-temporal infarct
10	23	0	Peripheral neuropathy	EMG: motor-sensitive neuropathy
11	17	1	Peripheral neuropathy	EMG: motor-sensitive neuropathy
12*	45	0	Major depression, severe hemicraneal headache	MRI: multiple focal deep white matter high signal on T2-weighted images and FLAIR. Small focal lesions in the subcortical fronto parietal white matter, predominantly on the right.
13*	29	2	Major depression with suicidal ideation, cluster headache	MRI: multiple small focal subcortical white matter and right paramedian pontine high-signal lesions on T2-weighted images and FLAIR.

*Interictal EEG was performed in these patients. An epileptiform focus was detected in 3 (patients 3, 4, and 6) with no abnormality in the other 4 patients (patients 1, 5, 12, and 13). Nephritis was present in patients 3, 12, and 13 at the time of the NP event.

(b)

ID	Age of the patient at the time of NP event (years)	Interval between NP event and SLE diagnosis (years)	ACR clinical entity	APS defining event	Brain CT scan/brain MRI/EMG
14	29	5	Ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation	Cerebral thrombosis	MRI: subcortical right parietal ischemic infarct with hemorrhagic transformation
15	34	17	Ischemic stroke	Peripheral artery thrombosis	MRI: right parietal ischemic infarct
16	43	0	Ischemic stroke and 7 days later Guillain Barré Syndrome	Cerebral thrombosis	MRI: oval-shaped left subcortical paraventricular high-signal lesions on T2- and FLAIR-weighted images with a signal change in diffusion sequence and a left corona hemorrhagic infarct; EMG: motor-sensitive polyneuropathy
17	34	1	Peripheral neuropathy	Coronary thrombosis	EMG: motor-sensitive neuropathy
18	33	16	Peripheral neuropathy	Repeated dialysis access thrombosis	EMG: motor-sensitive neuropathy
19	38	−2	Major depression; ischemic optic neuropathy,	Retinal artery thrombosis	MRI: no abnormality
20*	43	14	Major depression	Limb deep vein thrombosis and obstetric loss	MRI: multiple focal subcortical lesions hyperintense in T2
21	28	0	Migrainous headaches and acute confusional state	Cerebral thrombosis	MRI: no abnormality
22*	35	14	Severe headaches and cognitive dysfunction	Obstetric loss	MRI: multiple focal deep white matter lesions hyperintense in T2 on T2-weighted images and FLAIR.

*Interictal EEG was performed in 2 patients (patients 20 and 22). Left temporal subclinical rhythmic electrographic discharges of adults—SREDA was detected in patient 22.