Sexually Transmitted Infections and Male Circumcision: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Table 17
Evaluation of publication bias in studies evaluating the association between sexually transmitted diseases and circumcision status in adult males using the methods described by Egger et al. [39], Macaskill et al. [40], and Begg and Mazumdar [41].
Begg
Begg’s alternative
Egger
Egger’s weighted
Macaskill
Macaskill’s pooled variance
Genital discharge syndrome
0.9287
0.3252
0.0213
0.0056
0.0127
0.0171
Nonspecific urethritis
0.0549
0.0397
0.1301
0.3893
0.1322
0.0917
Chlamydia
0.8695
0.9563
0.0855
0.0003
0.1172
0.2961
Gonorrhea
0.2801
0.0404
0.3403
0.5653
0.1124
0.1764
Genital ulcerative disease
0.6547
0.7884
0.3795
0.1073
0.1804
0.3424
Syphilis
0.7356
0.6258
0.1429
0.8972
0.1023
0.6316
Genital herpes
0.2646
0.0137
0.1627
0.0014
0.3803
0.1324
Genital warts
0.5862
0.6918
0.1782
0.9378
0.5768
0.7383
Human papillomavirus: any type
0.9627
0.5592
0.1461
0.0035
0.0639
0.0857
Human papillomavirus: oncogenic type
0.8153
0.5911
0.2465
0.0889
0.0531
0.0913
Any sexually transmitted infection
0.0913
0.3482
0.1286
0.0900
<0.0001
<0.0001
Any sexually transmitted infection: without Langeni