Extinctions of Late Ice Age Cave Bears as a Result of Climate/Habitat Change and Large Carnivore Lion/Hyena/Wolf Predation Stress in Europe
Figure 15
General Late Pleistocene model for the maximum of cave use and conflicts between all top predators, and cave bears with skull examples of the Zoolithen Cave (Upper Franconia, Figure 1) which model is also based on the Sophie’s Cave situation. (a) Skull damage as a result of predator and (b) cave bear fights (“cave imaging” illustrations by G. “Rinaldino” Teichmann; Graphics: PaleoLogic).
