Extinctions of Late Ice Age Cave Bears as a Result of Climate/Habitat Change and Large Carnivore Lion/Hyena/Wolf Predation Stress in Europe

Figure 6

(a) Cave bear bonebed after excavation in 2011 in the hibernation area “Reindeer Hall” (Reindeer Hall) of the Sophie’s Cave and (b–e) articulated cave bear vertebral columns with bite damages (possibly one individual).

(a)

(b)

(c)

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(e)