International Scholarly Research Notices

Review Article

Development and Environmental Applications of Activated Carbon Cloths

Table 1

Some selected studies involving activated carbon cloths (ACCs) for metal species removal.
SampleACC characteristicsMetal species investigatedAdsorption assaysReference
Commercial ACC
Kynol Europe		As-received ACC:
= 2128 m2 g−1; = 0.913 cm3 g−1;
= 0.028 cm3 g−1;
= 1.69 nm; pHPZC = 8.0
Oxidized ACC:
= 1636 m2 g−1; = 0.716 cm3 g−1;
= 0.030 cm3 g−1;
= 1.80 nm; pHPZC = 3.3		Cr[III]
Mn[II]
Cu[II]
Zn[II]		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 15°C, 35°C
= 0.05–2.9 mM
pH = 3.5–6.1		[63]
Lab-prepared denim-based ACC by H3PO4 activation at different conditionsACC ( = 600°C, 10 wt% acid conc.):
= 510 m2 g−1; = 0.26 cm3 g−1 
Total acidity = 1 mmol g−1 
ACC ( = 950°C, 10 wt% acid conc.):
= 1055 m2 g−1; = 0.53 cm3 g−1 
Total acidity = 0.48 mmol g−1		Zn[II]Batch mode
= 25°C
pH = 3
= 0.30 mM		[109]
Commercial rayon-based ACC:
CS 1501; RS 1301
Actitex Co., France		CS 1501:
= 1689 m2 g−1; = 0.665 cm3 g−1;
= 0.6384 cm3 g−1; pHPZC = 7.6
RS 1301:
= 1460 m2 g−1; = 0.506 cm3 g−1;
= 0.345 cm3 g−1; pHPZC = 9.5		Cu[II]
Pb[II]
Ni[II]		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 20°C
pH = 2–10
= 0.1–1.4 mM		[119]
Commercial PAN-based ACC
TC-66 C KoTHmex, Taiwan		As-received ACC:
= 973 m2 g−1; Dp = 1.79 nm;
pHPZC = 4.2
ACC oxidized with HNO3:
= 730 m2 g−1; Dp = 1.83 nm;
pHPZC = 2.4
Electrochemically oxidized ACC:
= 730 m2 g−1; Dp = 1.83 nm;
pHPZC = 2.25		Cd[II]Batch mode
= 25°C
pH = 4–6
= 0.05–1.0 mM		[120]
Commercial ACC
Spectracarb 2225, Spectra Corp., USA		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1; 
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; 
= 0.082 cm3 g−1; 
pHPZC = 7.4
Treated with NaOH and
with chelating agent EDTA		Co[II], Cu[II],
Bi[II], Cd[II],
Ni[II], Sr[II],
Fe[III], Pb[II],
Sb[III], Sn[IV], Zn[II], Ag[I], and Ti[I]		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 25°C
pH ~ 7
= 0.47–2 mM		[121, 122]
Commercial ACC
Spectracarb 2225, Spectra Corp., USA		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1; 
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; 
= 0.082 cm3 g−1; 
pHPZC = 7.4
Modified by benzo-crown ethers attachment		Cr[III]
Co[II]
Ni[II]		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 30°C
pH = 6
= 0.06 mM Cr(III)
= 0.01 mM Co[II]
= 0.02 mM Ni[II]		[123]
Commercial viscose rayon-based ACC
Zorflex FM 10
Charcoal Cloth International		As-received ACC:
= 1378 m2 g−1; 
dp = 20.5 nm; pHPZC = 6.8
Electrochemically reduced ACC:
= 998 m2 g−1; dp = 19.7 nm;
pHPZC = 9
Electrochemically oxidized ACC:
= 533 m2 g−1; dp = 18.7 nm;
pHPZC = 2.8		Cr[VI]Batch mode
= 25°C
pH = 4, 6, and 8
= 0.19–9.62 mM		[124]
Commercial ACC
HEG Ltd., India		 = 1565 m2 g−1 
= 0.65 cm3 g−1		Cr[VI]Batch mode
= 10, 25, and 40°C
pH = 2–10
= 0.02 – 1.92 mM		[125]
Commercial rayon-based ACC: CS 1501; RS 1301
Actitex Co.		CS 1501:
= 1689 m2 g−1; = 0.665 cm3 g−1 
= 96%; pHPZC = 7.6
RS 1301:
= 1460 m2 g−1; = 0.506 cm3 g−1 
= 68.2%; pHPZC = 9.5		Cu[II]
Pb[II]		Batch mode
= 20°C; pH = 5
Single solute sol.
= 0.1–1.4 mM
Cu[II] or Pb[II]
Binary solutions:
Cu[II] + Pb[II]:
= 0.1–0.7 mM
Cu[II] or Pb[II] + Benzoic acid (BA):
= 0.1–0.7 mM metal ions;
= 10 mM BA		[126]
Commercial ACC
Kynol Europe		As-received ACC:
= 2128 m2 g−1; = 0.905 cm3 g−1 
= 0.028 cm3 g−1; = 1.69 nm;
pHPZC = 8.0
Oxidized ACC:
= 1636 m2 g−1; = 0.715 cm3 g−1 
= 0.030 cm3 g−1; = 1.80 nm;
pHPZC = 3.3		Cd[II]Batch mode
= 25°C
pH = 5
= 0.03–1.33 mM
Binary solutions:
Cd[II] ( = 0.09 mM) + tannic acid (variable conc.)		[127]
Commercial viscose rayon-based-ACC
HEG Ltd., India		 = 0.25 cm3 g−1 
Acidic surface groups = 2 mmol g−1		Hg[II]Continuous mode column (25 mm ID)
Bed depth = 80–150 mm
HLR = 3–7 m3/h/m2 
pH = 6
= 0.25–0.75 mM		[128]
Commercial ACC
Kynol Europe
As-received ACC:
= 2128 m2 g−1; = 0.028 cm3 g−1;
= 0.913 cm3 g−1; 
= 1.69 nm; pHPZC = 8.0
Oxidized ACC:
= 1636 m2 g−1; = 0.030 cm3 g−1;
= 0.716 cm3 g−1; 
= 1.80 nm; pHPZC = 3.3		Zn[II]Batch and continuous modes
= 25°C; pH = 5.8–6.2;
= 0.05–2.29 mM
Column (9 mm ID) packed with ACC wafers:
= 0.30 mM; pH = 6
Flow rate = 2 mL min−1		[129]
: BET surface area; : total pore volume; : mesopore volume; : micropore volume; : mean micropore width; dp: average pore diameter (4 / ); Dp: average pore size according to density functional theory; pHPZC: pH at the point of zero charge; : initial concentration; HLR: hydraulic loading rate.