Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters for Growth Traits in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Pinus kesiya in Malawi

Table 2

Variance components and heritability (standard errors) for individual height, dbh and volume traits at different ages.

Age (years)	Trait	𝜎^2𝐴	𝜎^2𝑝	𝜎^2𝑒	𝜎^2𝑤	ℎ^2 (s.e)	𝐺𝑠 (%)
18	Height (h)	174	14	81	269	0.48 (0.01)	13.5
	dbh	258	45	324	627	0.26 (0.01)	15.7
	Volume	22	2	11	35	0.46 (0.01)	18.9
23	Height (h)	179	12	80	265	0.50 (0.02)	18.5
	dbh	267	44	311	614	0.28 (0.03)	21.1
	Volume	23	2	11	35	0.48 (0.04)	23.4
30	Height (h)	180	12	80	264	0.50 (0.02)	19.7
	dbh	275	43	309	610	0.29 (0.02)	22.3
	Volume	24	2	11	34	0.51 (0.03)	24.5
35	Height (h)	118	13	71	265	0.34 (0.03)	13.3
	dbh	191	36	323	624	0.19 (0.02)	15.8
	Volume	16	2	10	33	0.36 (0.03)	17.6
40	Height (h)	65	10	70	255	0.19 (0.02)	10.6
	dbh	147	35	320	621	0.15 (0.01)	11.2
	Volume	9	2	10	32	0.20 (0.03)	11.9

𝜎²_𝐴: additive genetic variance, 𝜎²_𝑝: genetic variance among families, 𝜎²_𝑤: genetic variance within families, 𝜎²_𝑒: residual variance, ℎ²: heritability, 𝐺_𝑠: genetic gain.