Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters for Growth Traits in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Pinus kesiya in Malawi

Table 3

Variance components and heritability (standard errors) among families for height, dbh and volume traits at different ages.

Age (years)	Trait	𝜎^2𝐴	𝜎^2𝑝	𝜎^2𝑒	𝜎^2𝑤	ℎ^2 (s.e)	𝐺𝑠 (%)
18	Height (h)	130	25	174	329	0.51 (0.01)	11.2
	dbh	200	31	207	438	0.51 (0.01)	12.5
	Volume	19	2	8	29	0.59 (0.01)	14.8
23	Height (h)	135	26	168	320	0.53 (0.03)	14.3
	dbh	206	32	200	431	0.53 (0.04)	16.4
	Volume	20	2	8	28	0.59 (0.04)	17.6
30	Height (h)	137	27	166	318	0.54 (0.05)	15.6
	dbh	210	32	200	429	0.53 (0.06)	16.8
	Volume	21	2	8	27	0.59 (0.04)	17.9
35	Height (h)	123	21	185	349	0.45 (0.03)	11.9
	dbh	195	23	216	444	0.43 (0.02)	12.1
	Volume	13	2	15	39	0.47 (0.05)	12.6
40	Height (h)	114	16	241	385	0.33 (0.02)	10.1
	dbh	172	19	299	492	0.32 (0.04)	10.9
	Volume	11	2	24	42	0.38 (0.05)	11.3

𝜎²_𝐴: additive genetic variance, 𝜎²_𝑝: genetic variance among families, 𝜎²_𝑤: genetic variance within families, 𝜎²_𝑒: residual variance, ℎ²: heritability, 𝐺_𝑠: genetic gain.