Sunflower Methyl Ester as an Engine Fuel: Performance Evaluation and Emissions Analysis

Table 2

Properties of test fuels and the reference diesel according to ASTM standards.

Property	Method	Specifications	Reference diesel	Sunflower ME	Soybean ME
Flash point, °C	D93	130 min.	128	192	199
Water and sediment, %vol	D2709	0.050 max.	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Kinematic viscosity, 40°C, mm^2/s	D445	1.9–6.0	2.3	6.3	4.7
Sulfur, ppm	D5453	15 max.	Unknown	Unknown	4
Cetane number	D613	47 min.	Unknown	Unknown	55
Cloud point, °C	D2500	Report	−35	2	−6
Carbon residue, %mass	D4530	0.050 max.	Unknown	Unknown	0.01
Acid number, mg KOH/g sample	D664	0.50 max.	0.04	Unknown	0.19
Distillation temperature, °C	D1160	360 max.	Unknown	Unknown	329
Oxidation stability, hours	EN14112	3 min.	Unknown	Unknown	7.2
Gross heating value, MJ/kg	D4809	Report	42.7	38.2	38.8