Spatial Dimensions of Economic Growth in Brazil

Table 5

Diagnostics for spatial autocorrelation by means of Moran’s 𝐼 in the cross-sectional residuals of the estimations of Table 2.

Spatial scale

Minimum comparable area (MCA)

Micro-region

Meso-region

State

Method

OLS

FE

FD

SYS-GMM

OLS

FE

FD

SYS-GMM

OLS

FE

FD

SYS-GMM

OLS

FE

FD

SYS-; GMM

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

Spatial weight matrix: 400 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.1204***

0.1306***

—

0.2238***

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

0.1106***

0.0677***

0.1122***

0.1729***

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.1033***

0.1286***

0.1104***

0.1963***

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Spatial weight matrix: 500 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.1046***

0.1069***

—

0.1897***

0.1546***

0.1951***

—

0.2065***

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

0.0855***

0.0471***

0.0863***

0.1431***

0.1296***

0.1458***

0.1399***

0.1757***

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.0741***

0.1039***

0.0867***

0.1608***

0.2291***

0.2572***

0.2463***

0.1861***

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Spatial weight matrix: 600 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.0890***

0.0857***

—

0.1605***

0.1252***

0.1511***

—

0.1623***

0.1407***

0.1388***

—

0.3561***

—

—

—

—

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

0.0661***

0.0300***

0.0668***

0.1195***

0.0938***

0.1116***

0.1075***

0.1498***

0.1634***

0.2643***

0.1394***

0.4788**

—

—

—

—

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.0482***

0.0800***

0.0641***

0.1295***

0.1955***

0.2117***

0.2033***

0.1409***

0.4009***

0.3118***

0.3740***

0.4324***

—

—

—

—

Spatial weight matrix: 700 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.0771***

0.0687***

—

0.1418***

0.0915***

0.1212***

—

0.1180***

0.1374***

0.1006***

—

0.3416***

—

—

—

—

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

0.0513***

0.0174***

0.0516***

0.1022***

0.0690***

0.0847***

0.0816***

0.1243***

0.1319***

0.2297***

0.1049***

0.4151***

—

—

—

—

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.0283***

0.0617***

0.0472***

0.1053***

0.1641***

0.1813***

0.1722***

0.0942***

0.3633***

0.2768***

0.3314***

0.4125***

—

—

—

—

Spatial weight matrix: 800 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.0676***

0.0518***

—

0.1270***

0.0668***

0.0891***

—

0.0807***

0.0739***

0.0990***

—

0.3077***

0.2449**

−0.2716*

—

−0.0141

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

0.0388***

0.0100***

0.0379***

0.0869***

0.0532***

0.0631***

0.0558***

0.0990***

0.0857***

0.1460***

0.0665***

0.3691***

0.1096

0.1805*

−0.1362

0.1021

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.0159***

0.0478***

0.0362***

0.0873***

0.1381***

0.1539***

0.1468***

0.0574***

0.3456***

0.2976***

0.3196***

0.3718***

0.4721***

0.3318**

0.2930**

0.4296***

Spatial weight matrix: 900 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.0611***

0.0364***

—

0.1157***

0.0463***

0.0630***

—

0.0534***

0.0247

0.0084

—

0.2823***

0.1646

−0.2583*

—

−0.0463

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

0.0282***

0.0077***

0.0258***

0.0727***

0.0342***

0.0505***

0.0318***

0.0775***

0.0385**

0.1088***

0.0091

0.3263***

0.0588

0.1788*

−0.1779

0.1086

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.0124***

0.0389***

0.0311***

0.0758***

0.1314***

0.1418***

0.1381***

0.0373***

0.2867***

0.2192***

0.2595***

0.3350***

0.5725***

0.3763***

0.3631**

0.4639***

Spatial weight matrix: 1000 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.0573***

0.0249***

—

0.1082***

0.0322***

0.0410***

—

0.0381***

−0.0059

−0.0280

—

0.2380***

0.0452

−0.0971

—

−0.1078

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

0.0215***

0.0080***

0.0168***

0.0625***

0.0273***

0.0461***

0.0152***

0.0626***

0.0254*

0.0946

−0.0163

0.3020***

0.2046**

0.2634**

0.0596

0.0953

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.0131***

0.0336***

0.0293***

0.0699***

0.1258***

0.1277***

0.1291***

0.0210***

0.2774***

0.2018***

0.2529***

0.3090***

0.3320***

0.0920

0.1167*

0.3531***

Spatial weight matrix: 1500 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.0417***

0.0111***

—

0.0778***

0.0125***

0.0092**

—

0.0176***

−0.0009

−0.0367**

—

0.1562***

−0.0569

−0.1001

—

−0.1803**

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

0.0055***

0.0018***

0.0030***

0.0276***

0.0190***

0.0375***

−0.0040

0.0296***

−0.0054

0.0518***

−0.0354***

0.1892***

0.0718*

0.1255**

0.0067

−0.0171

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.0154***

0.0253***

0.0233***

0.0537***

0.1034***

0.0827***

0.0920***

0.0114***

0.2035***

0.1319***

0.1689***

0.1993***

0.2859***

0.0770

0.0765*

0.2449***

Spatial weight matrix: 2000 km cut-off

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (70's)

0.0189***

0.0042***

—

0.0399***

0.0030**

0.0049**

—

0.0155***

−0.0119

−0.0171

—

0.0749***

−0.0839

−0.0643

—

−0.0618

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (80's)

−0.0026***

0.0005**

−0.0018***

0.0099***

0.0047**

0.0267***

−0.0078***

0.0168***

0.0014

0.0521***

−0.0273***

0.1238***

0.0780**

−0.0146

−0.0801

0.0635**

Moran's 𝐼 in the residuals (90's)

0.0120***

0.0189***

0.0184***

0.0317***

0.0710***

0.0597***

0.0666***

0.0116***

0.1370

0.0922***

0.1209***

0.1180***

0.1145**

0.0247

−0.0096

0.1253***

Note: ***significant at 1%, **significant at 5%, *significant at 10% based on the permutation approach with 10,000 permutations.