Adverse Health Effects Associated with Increased Activity at Kīlauea Volcano: A Repeated Population-Based Survey
Table 2
Prevalence and exposure odds ratio of cardiorespiratory symptoms in adult residents of Hawai’i Island, USA.
Participant self-reported symptoms
Unexposed group (%)
Vog exposed group
(%)
Crude OR (95% CI)
Adjusted ORa (95% CI)
Chest pain
20.0
29.4
1.66 (0.89–3.10)
1.61 (0.85–3.08)
Coughb on most days for 3 consecutive or more months/year
15.4
56.8
7.23 (3.52–14.84)
8.18 (3.81–17.58)
Restricted to nonsmokers
11.8
47.7
6.81 (3.20–14.49)
7.30 (3.32–16.03)
Dry cough at night for >14 days
13.6
30.0
2.71 (1.38–5.36)
2.93 (1.45–5.91)
Restricted to nonsmokers
14.0
27.3
2.31 (1.09–4.89)
2.56 (1.17–5.57)
Headaches often
20.0
31.8
1.87 (1.01–3.46)
1.79 (0.91–3.51)
Phlegm on most days for 3 consecutive or more months/year
14.5
39.1
3.77 (1.96–7.25)
3.61 (1.83–7.11)
Restricted to nonsmokers
10.8
33.0
4.08 (1.85–9.01)
4.02 (1.77–9.10)
Cough and Phlegm combined
10.0
34.5
4.75 (2.27–9.92)
4.78 (2.21–10.32)
Restricted to nonsmokers
6.5
28.4
5.75 (2.23–14.85)
5.86 (2.21–15.57)
Rhinorrhea frequently
12.7
35.5
3.77 (1.90–7.46)
4.66 (2.26–9.64)
Sinus/nasal congestion often
12.7
36.7
3.98 (2.01–7.87)
4.75 (2.32–9.76)
SOB without exertion
12.8
32.7
3.30 (1.66–6.57)
3.53 (1.70–7.32)
Restricted to nonsmokers
12.2
33.0
4.03 (1.82–8.91)
4.33 (1.88–10.01)
Skin irritation
7.3
26.4
4.52 (1.96–10.42)
5.12 (2.15–12.20)
Sore or dry throat frequently
10.9
40.9
5.65 (2.78–11.50)
6.31 (3.00–13.29)
Wheeze within the last 12 months
28.2
38.3
1.58 (0.90–2.80)
1.63 (0.89–2.98)
Wheeze most days or nights
7.3
19.4
3.08 (1.30–7.30)
3.06 (1.24–7.59)
Wheeze during or after exercise
9.3
17.8
2.12 (0.93–4.80)
2.07 (0.88–4.87)
Symptoms while outdoors:
Cough
1.8
35.8
30.09 (7.04–128.58)
32.95 (7.56–143.58)
Eye irritation
2.7
48.6
33.76 (10.09–112.89)
40.22 (11.59–139.64)
Rhinorrhea and sinus congestion
0.9
30.0
46.29 (6.20–345.72)
53.11 (7.0–401.93)
Shortness of breath
1.8
21.2
14.31 (3.28–62.39)
15.56 (3.52–68.74)
Wheezing
1.8
19.6
13.06 (2.98–57.27)
14.95 (3.30–67.70)
Note. : prevalence; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; and SOB: shortness of breath. aAdjusted for age, gender, race, smoking status, BMI, and occupational dust exposure. bNonmedicated: participants not taking medications with side effect of cough.
