Vitamin D: Are We Ready to Supplement for Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment?

Table 1

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and breast cancer risk.

Author	Year	Location	Study design	Number of; cases/controls	Type of controls	Age	Comparison	OR/RR/HR; (95% CI)
Abbas et al. [79–81]	2008	Germany	Case control	1394/1365	Population based	Postmenopausal	Serum 25(OH)D: <30 nM versus 30–45	OR 0.57 (0.45–0.73)
							<30 versus 45–60	OR 0.49 (0.38–0.64)
							<30 versus 60–75	OR 0.43 (0.32–0.57)
							<30 versus ≥75	OR 0.31 (0.24–0.42)
Freedman et al. [82]	2008	USA	Nested case control	1,005/1,005	PLCO cohort	Postmenopausal	Serum 25(OH)D Quintiles: <18.3, 18.3–23.5, 23.5–28.3, 28.3–33.7, ≥33.7 ng/mL	No association
Abbas et al. [83]	2009	Germany	Case control	289/595	Population based	Premenopausal	Plasma 25(OH)D: <30 nmol/L versus 30–45	OR 0.68 (0.43–1.07)
							<30 versus 45–60	OR 0.59 (0.37–0.94)
							<30 versus ≥60	OR 0.45 (0.29–0.70)
Crew et al. [89]	2009	USA	Case control	1026/1075	Population based	All ages	Plasma 25(OH)D: <20 ng/mL versus 40 ng/mL	OR 0.56 (0.41–0.78)
McCullough et al. [85]	2009	USA	Nested case control	516/516	CPS-II Nutrition cohort	All ages	Serum 25(OH)D: <50, 50–75, >75 nmol/L	No association
Rejnmark et al. [86]	2009	Denmark	Nested case control	142/420	Danish Nat'l Hospital Discharge and Danish Cancer Register	All ages	Plasma 25(OH)D: T3 (>84) versus T1 (<60 nmol/L)	RR 0.52 (0.32–0.85)
							Premenopausal, T3 versus T1	RR 0.38 (0.15–0.97)
Almquist et al. [87]	2010	Sweden	Nested case control	764/764	Malmo Diet and; Cancer study; (MDCS)	All ages	Serum 25(OH)D: Q2 (71–86) versus Q1 (≤70 nmol/L)	OR 0.84 (0.60–1.15)
							Q3 (87–105) versus Q1	OR 0.84 (0.60–1.17)
							Q4 (≥106) versus Q1	OR 0.93 (0.66–1.33)
Engel et al. [88]	2010	France	Nested case control	636/1272	E3N French cohort	All ages	Serum 25(OH)D: T3 (>27 ng/mL) versus T1 (<19.8)	OR 0.73 (0.55–0.96)