Epidemiology and Prognosis of Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Table 3
Comparison of prognostic variables in HCC patients with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia, hypercholesterolemia, and erythrocytosis against those without paraneoplastic syndromes.
Prognostic variable
Without PNS
Paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia
Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia
Paraneoplastic erythrocytosis
()
()
()
()
Young age (≤40 y)
28 (8.5%)
9 (8.0%)
NS
6 (25.0%)
0.020
2 (11.1%)
NS
AFP ≥ 12,000 g/L
88 (26.7%)
54 (48.2%)
<0.001
14 (58.3%)
0.003
9 (50%)
NS
Bilobar disease
158 (47.9%)
65 (58.0%)
NS
18 (75.0%)
0.013
8 (44.4%)
NS
Multiple lesions
216 (65.5%)
82 (73.2%)
NS
22 (91.7%)
0.022
10 (55.6%)
NS
Portal vein invasion
141 (50.9%)
67 (59.8%)
NS
15 (62.5%)
NS
13 (72.2%)
NS
Distant metastases
59 (17.9%)
23 (20.5%)
NS
8 (33.3%)
NS
4 (22.2%)
NS
TNM stage (I&II/III&IV)
110/220 (33.3%/66.7%)
22/90 (19.6%/80.4%)
0.049
2/22 (8.3%/91.7%)
0.024
4/14 (22.2%/77.8%)
NS
Child-Pugh A/B/C
146/135/49 (44%/41%/15%)
48/46/18 (43%/41%/16%)
NS
9/12/3 (38%/50%/12%)
NS
11/7/0 (61%/39%/0%)
NS
PNS: paraneoplastic syndromes; NS: not statistically significant (). : comparison against patients without PNS.
