| Initiator | NO/ONOO− cycle element. |
| High altitude/hypoxia | Increased intracellular calcium, TRP receptor activity elevation, iNOS induction, (BH4 depletion?) | Viral infection | NF-B elevation, elevated inflamm. cytokines, iNOS induction, NO elevation, ONOO− elevation, oxidative stress | Ritonavir | Oxidative stress, superoxide elevation, mitochondrial dysfunction | Tuberculosis | NF-B elevation, elevated inflamm. cytokines, iNOS induction, NO elevation, ONOO− elevation | Endotoxin | NF-B elevation, elevated inflamm. cytokines, iNOS induction, NO elevation, ONOO− elevation, oxidative stress, (NMDA elevation?) | Homocysteine | NMDA elevation, superoxide elevation | Paraquat | Mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated NMDA activity, oxidative stress, elevated inflamm. cytokines, NF-B elevation | Systemic autoimmune disease | Oxidative stress, inflamm. cytokine elevation; ONOO− elevation, superoxide elevation, inflamm. cytokine elevation, BH4 depletion, elevated intracellular calcium, NF-B elevation | BPMR2 mutation | Superoxide, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction | Serotonin | Oxidative stress, inflamm. cytokine elevation, ONOO− elevation, superoxide elevation, inflamm. cytokine elevation, NF-B elevation | Bleomycin | PARP elevation, oxidative stress, superoxide elevation, inflamm. cytokine elevation, BH4 depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, NF-B elevation | VIP deficiency | BH4 deficiency, inflammatory cytokine elevation | BH4 deficiency | BH4 deficiency, superoxide elevation |
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