Abstract
Familial occurrence of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) has been reported in scattered cases, which potentially favors the congenital theory. A review of the literature was conducted to demonstrate this phenomenon in China. PubMed, VIP, and CNKI databases were searched for studies describing at least two Chinese BCS patients from the same one family. In the 18 eligible papers, 30 siblings or first-degree relatives from 14 families were diagnosed with BCS at 9 different centers. Common clinical presentations included varices of abdominal wall and lower limbs, edema of legs, and ascites. Type and location of obstruction were similar among these patients from the same one family. Screening for BCS was conducted in 65 family members from 3 families, demonstrating that 2 asymptomatic siblings from one family were further diagnosed with BCS. Factor V Leiden mutation was found in 3 of 4 patients from one family and in one of 2 patients from another one family. Prothrombin G20210A gene mutation was found in none of the 4 patients from the 2 families. In conclusion, our study showed the possibility of familial aggregation in Chinese BCS patients, but these available data cannot support the previous hypothesis that familial BCS originates from congenital vascular malformation.
1. Introduction
Thrombotic risk factors for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) have been clearly recognized in Western countries [1, 2]. Major causal factors include myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation, prothrombin G20210A gene mutation, antiphospholipid antibodies, hyperhomocysteinemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC), protein S (PS) deficiencies, and others [1, 2]. Several European cohort studies have demonstrated that at least one underlying thrombotic risk factor is found in more than 80% of Western BCS patients [3, 4]. Accordingly, the recent American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) practice guideline has recommended that routine screening for these risk factors should be performed in BCS patients [2]. By contrast, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies did not confirm the role of inherited AT, PC, or PS deficiency in the pathogenesis of BCS [5]. Additionally, the prevalence of other thrombotic risk factors for BCS appears to be very low in Chinese patients [6, 7]. For example, JAK2V617F mutation, a critical diagnostic marker of MPN, exists in approximately 37% of Western BCS patients [8], but in only 4% of Chinese BCS patients [9]. Other studies have reported that FVL mutation, prothrombin G20210A gene mutation, or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is extremely rare in Chinese patients with sporadic BCS [10–12]. These inconsistent results prompt us to explore the actual etiology of BCS in China.
Although the congenital theory for the pathogenesis of BCS is hypothesized by early histopathological studies [13–15], it has never been advocated by the current practice guideline and consensus due to the rarity of BCS in childhood and the anatomic and topographic inconsistency of BCS [16–18]. Several scattered case reports have demonstrated familial clustering of BCS, suggesting the possibility of congenital etiology [19–22]. In 1988, a French team reported 2 Italian sisters diagnosed with BCS [19]. Of note, the age at their first symptoms was 1.2 and 1.8 years old. In 1990, an Israeli study also demonstrated that one 30-year-old man and his older brother were simultaneously diagnosed with BCS, but his other first-degree relatives were asymptomatic without any imaging evidence of hepatic vein or inferior vena cava obstruction [20]. In 1995, a Dutch study further showed that 3 of 11 siblings from a single family were diagnosed with membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava during early adult life [21]. In addition, a Japanese National survey revealed that one of 157 Japanese BCS patients had a family history of BCS [22]. Recently, a simultaneous occurrence of BCS was reported in two American twin sisters of 13 years of age with heterozygous FVL mutation [23].
In this paper, we have conducted a systematic review of the published literature to better understand the familial occurrence of BCS in Chinese patients.
2. Methods
2.1. Literature Search
The literature search has been described in detail elsewhere [24]. One database of English journals (i.e., PubMed database) and two databases of Chinese journals (i.e., Chinese Scientific and Technological Journal database (VIP database) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI database)) were employed for the review. VIP and CNKI databases were subscribed by our University library. For the PubMed database, search items were listed as follows: (“Budd Chiari” [All Fields]) AND (“China” [All Fields]). Two Chinese names of BCS (i.e., “Bu Jia Zong He Zheng” and “Bai Cha Zong He Zheng”) were also used as search items in the two Chinese databases. For the VIP database, search items were listed as follows: (“Budd Chiari” [All Fields]) OR (“Bu Jia Zong He Zheng” [All Fields]) OR (“Bai Cha Zong He Zheng” [All Fields]). Because there is no tag term of [All Fields] in the search strategy of CNKI database, search items for the database were listed as follows: (“Budd Chiari” [Keywords]) OR (“Budd Chiari” [Title]) OR (“Bu Jia Zong He Zheng” [Keywords]) OR (“Bu Jia Zong He Zheng” [Title]) OR (“Bai Cha Zong He Zheng” [Keywords]) OR (“Bai Cha Zong He Zheng” [Title]). The last search was performed on February 20, 2012.
2.2. Literature Selection
Two authors (X. Qi and W. Ren) independently reviewed abstracts and full texts of all identified papers to avoid omitting the information of family history. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the BCS patients were Chinese and (2) at least two siblings or first-degree relatives in the same one family were simultaneously diagnosed with BCS. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the patients were not diagnosed with BCS; (2) animal study; and (3) the patients were not from China. In cases of disagreement among the two reviewers, a consensus was achieved through discussion.
2.3. Data Extraction
A data extraction sheet was developed that included the journal, publication year, authors, affiliation, provinces, or regions where the data was collected, period of enrollment, demographic data (age and sex) of patients, standards of living, clinical presentations, types of BCS, results of family study, results of thrombotic risk factors for BCS, and outcomes of these patients. If the data was unavailable in some included papers, one reviewer (G. Han) would contact these principal investigators or their colleagues who participated in these studies by telephone. If these investigators agreed to provide accurate data, the requisite data for the present review were sent to them via a mobile phone short message.
2.4. Study Quality
Study quality was assessed by two reviewers (X. Qi and W. Ren). Discrepancies in the interpretation were resolved by consensus. The studies were considered of higher quality if they fulfilled the following predetermined criteria: (1) the demographic data (age and sex) were clearly described; (2) the diagnostic methods of BCS were clearly described; (3) the type and location of obstruction were recorded; and (4) screening for BCS in family members was done.
3. Results
3.1. Description of Included Studies
Overall, 112, 1332, and 1561 papers were identified in PubMed, VIP, and CNKI databases, respectively. Among them, 18 papers (i.e., one English-language paper and 17 Chinese-language papers) were eligible for the review. After duplicated publication was excluded, a total of 30 siblings or first-degree relatives from 14 Chinese families were diagnosed with BCS at 9 different centers (Table 1). These centers were in 6 provinces or regions (i.e., Beijing, Guangdong, Henan, Liaoning, Shaanxi, and Shandong provinces). Seven studies including only 3 families, in which demographic data, diagnostic methods of BCS, type and location of obstruction, and family screening were available, were considered of higher quality.
3.2. Clinical Presentation
The standards of living were available in only two patients from the 3rd family. Both of them were farmers with low incomes. Presenting symptoms were available in 14 BCS patients from 6 families. They included abdomen distension (), swelling of lower limbs (), variceal bleeding (), and no symptom (). Physical examination was available in 18 BCS patients from 8 families. They included varicosity of chest and abdominal wall and/or lower limbs (), hepatomegaly (), edema of legs (), ascites (), and splenomegaly ().
3.3. Type of BCS
Type and location of obstruction were reported in 22 BCS patients from 10 families. Inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic vein (HV) obstruction was found in 19 and 7 patients, respectively. Among them, both IVC and HV were obstructed in 4 patients. Generally, anatomical and topographic lesions were similar among these patients from the same one family.
3.4. Family Studies
Familial screening for BCS was performed in 3 families (8th, 9th, and 10th families). In the 8th family, 27 additional family members from 4 generations were screened for BCS by color Doppler ultrasound. Of them, 14 and 13 were male and female, respectively. Age ranged from 8 to 94 years. Except for two symptomatic probands, two asymptomatic sisters were further diagnosed with BCS (Figure 1(a)). In the 9th family, 14 additional family members from 3 generations were screened for BCS by color Doppler ultrasound. Of them, 9 and 5 were male and female, respectively. Age ranged from 1 to 67 years. Except for two symptomatic probands, no other family member was diagnosed with BCS (Figure 1(b)). In the 10th family, 24 additional family members from 4 generations were screened for BCS by B-mode ultrasound. Of them, 10 and 14 were male and female, respectively. Age ranged from 3 to 78 years. Except for two symptomatic probands, no other family member was diagnosed with BCS (Figure 1(c)).
(a)
(b)
(c)
3.5. Thrombotic Risk Factors
Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation was detected in 10 patients from the 7th, 8th, 12th, and 13th families. Three of 4 patients from the 7th family had heterozygous FVL mutation, one of two patients from the 8th family had heterozygous FVL mutation, and none of patients from the 12th and 13th families had FVL mutation. Prothrombin G20210A gene mutation was detected in 4 patients from the 12th and 13th families. But none of patients had this mutation. No other thrombotic risk factors were detected in these patients.
4. Discussion
To date, the etiological factors for most of Chinese BCS patients are still unclear because thrombotic risk factors for BCS are rarely found in China [6, 7, 9–12]. The present study shows familial occurrence of BCS in China, which potentially suggests that family history of BCS patients should be carefully inquired and the patient’s first-degree relatives might be screened. But these available data cannot support the previous hypothesis that familial BCS is associated with the congenital vascular malformation. The main reasons for this consideration are as follows. First, although BCS patients from the same one family have the similar anatomical and topographic lesions, nearly all of these familial BCS cases are identified during adulthood rather than childhood. The fact indicates that these cases may be not of a congenital origin. However, we would like to emphasize that imaging evaluation for HV and IVC in these patients during the neonatal period is lacking and unrealistic. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that BCS is unrecognized in childhood and the overt clinical presentations occur in adulthood. Indeed, if screening for BCS was not performed in the 8th family, two asymptomatic BCS patients would not be identified until their clinical presentations occurred. Second, an incomplete screening for inherited thrombotic risk factors in four families have demonstrated that FVL mutation is found in 4 of 6 familial cases from the 8th and 9th families. The phenomenon indicates that these cases may be caused by familial thrombophilia. Certainly, a complete work-up for thrombophilia should be adopted in further studies to evaluate the frequency of thrombotic risk factors in familial BCS patients. Third, the most possible causes for membranous obstruction of IVC (MOVC) in developing and underdeveloped countries so far are often considered an extremely poor standard of living and suspected bacterial infections in such poor living environment [18, 25]. Thus, it can be expected that familial aggregation in patients with MOVC may be associated with such factors. However, only one included study reported that two BCS patients from the same one family were farmers with low incomes. Therefore, whether or not a poor standard of living plays a role in familial occurrence of BCS deserves further investigation. This question is very important because health policy should focus on improving the standard of living in these patients’ offspring, thereby preventing the development of BCS.
Strengths of the study are that literature searches were comprehensive, and all full-texts were reviewed to avoid omitting the information of familial BCS. Additionally, several limitations of this study need to be clarified. First, only a part of these included studies were of higher quality. The fact was primarily because the objectives of most studies were not to demonstrate familial occurrence of BCS, but to explore the outcome of BCS patients. And family screening was often difficult to be performed. Additionally, although we have tried our best to contact with the authors or their colleagues to collect more adequate information about these patients, only a few data could be acquired. Second, common causes of familial thrombophilia include FVL mutation, prothrombin G20210A gene mutation, and inherited AT, PC, and PS deficiencies [26]. If these familial BCS patients had a common inherited thrombophilia, the congenital malformation theory would not be approved. But screening for familial thrombophilia was incomplete in these included studies, and thrombotic risk factors were detected in only a minority of cases (i.e., FVL mutation was detected in 10 patients from 4 families, and prothrombin G20210A gene mutation was detected in 2 patients from 2 families). It might be explained by the fact that the role of thrombotic risk factors for BCS was not well established in China. Further, because FVL mutation and prothrombin G20210A gene mutation are rarely found in Chinese healthy population or patients with venous thromboembolism, AT, PC, and PS deficiencies are more common than the Western populations [27–30]; we recommend that screening for inherited AT, PC, and PS deficiencies appears to be more necessary in these patients.
In conclusion, our study confirmed the possibility of familial BCS in China, but it appeared that familial occurrence of BCS was not related to congenital vascular malformation. Familial thrombophilia and standard of living in these patients should be evaluated in further observational studies.
Abbreviations
| AT: | Antithrombin |
| BCS: | Budd-Chiari syndrome |
| CNKI: | China National Knowledge Infrastructure |
| FVL: | Factor V Leiden |
| HV: | Hepatic vein |
| IVC: | Inferior vena cava |
| MOVC: | Membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava |
| MPN: | Myeloproliferative neoplasm |
| PC: | Protein C |
| PS: | Protein S. |
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.
Author’s Contributions
X. Qi, J. Wang, and W. Ren contributed equally to this work.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Professor Bo Feng (Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China), Dr. Yan Wang, Professor Mangqiang Wang (Department of Interventional Radiology, China PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China), Professor Ruimin Yang (Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China), Professor Xinwei Han, and Professor Sheng Guan (Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China) for data validation. This study is partially presented in abstract form in the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) Monothematic Conference—Vascular Liver Diseases in Tallinn, Estonia, on June 22-23, 2012.