Qualitative and Quantitative Control of Honeys Using NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Table 3

Results of the quantitative determination of substances by NMR (values are given in g/kg honey).

Sample	HMF	Formic acid	Phthalic acid	Fumaric acid	Pyruvic acid	L(+)-rhamnose	Glucose	Arabinose	L(+)-tartaric acid	Fructose	Malic acid	Citric acid	Succinic acid
Manuka honey	0.03	0.15	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	218	0.41	0.31	284	n.d.	0.09	0.03
Flower honey	n.d.^a	0.05	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	350	0.18	0.31	357	0.2	n.d.	0.01
Sunflower honey	0.05	0.06	n.d.	0.03	n.d.	n.d.	348	0.26	0.38	379	0.4	0.49	0.01
Honeydew honey	n.d.	0.08	n.d.	0.02	n.d.	n.d.	219	0.41	0.58	314	n.d.	0.25	0.17
Chestnut honey	0.06	0.71	n.d.	0.05	n.d.	n.d.	215	0.56	0.64	350	n.d.	n.d.	0.08
Flower honey	n.d.	0.15	n.d.	0.04	n.d.	n.d.	271	0.49	0.59	312	0.9	n.d.	0.1
Robinia pseudoacacia honey	0.06	0.04	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.23	245	0.29	0.48	381	n.d.	0.17	0.01
Orange honey	0.09	0.06	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	281	0.47	0.61	390	0.25	0.26	0.02
Flower honey	n.d.	0.07	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	2.6	337	0.26	0.35	358	—^b	n.d.	0.02
Flower honey (mountain)	0.02	0.04	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	318	0.17	0.38	366	n.d.	0.1	n.d.
Rape honey	0.01	0.07	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	349	0.27	0.39	379	n.d.	n.d.	0.03
Honey from fruit trees	n.d.	0.12	n.d.	0.03	n.d.	n.d.	296	0.88	0.44	338	n.d.	n.d.	0.04
Flower honey	0.06	0.08	n.d.	0.03	n.d.	n.d.	297	0.24	0.46	366	n.d.	n.d.	0.03
Flower honey	0.06	0.09	n.d.	0.03	n.d.	n.d.	316	0.32	0.47	382	n.d.	n.d.	0.07
Chestnut honey	n.d.	0.8	n.d.	0.04	n.d.	n.d.	241	0.65	0.74	395	n.d.	0.19	0.18
Honeydew honey	0.03	0.11	n.d.	0.04	n.d.	n.d.	259	0.52	0.66	352	n.d.	0.28	0.28
Flower honey	0.03	0.11	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	260	0.34	0.54	406	n.d.	n.d.	0.03
Eucalyptus honey	0.06	0.1	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	302	1.72	0.45	346	0.28	n.d.	0.06
Flower honey	n.d.	0.63	n.d.	n.d.	1.45	n.d.	215	0.65	0.59	380	n.d.	n.d.	0.05
Flower honey with jelly Royal	0.03	0.05	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	315	0.4	0.46	368	—^b	0.17	0.02

^aNot detectable (0.03 g/kg (phthalic acid and malic acid), 0.02 g/kg (HMF and fumaric acid), 0.18 g/kg (pyruvic acid), 0.16 g/kg (L(+)-rhamnose), 0.04 (citric acid), and 0.01 g/kg (succinic acid)).
^bOverlapped signal, direct quantification is not possible.