Japanese Encephalitis Virus Generated Neurovirulence, Antigenicity, and Host Immune Responses

Table 1

Suppressive effects of different JE viral proteins/antigens, its neurovirulence, and host immune responses.

Type of protein	Virus type	Neurovirulence	Protection	Proposed mechanism	References
NS and S	YFV	High	mAbs	Passive immunization	[10]
NS1/NS3	JEV	High	mAbs	Passive immunization	[9]
NS4/NS2B-3 proteinase	YFV	Mild	mAbs	Cross-neutralizing antibodies	[3, 8]
NS gp48	17 D YFV, DNV	High	mAbs	Passive and active immunization	[11, 14]
DNA 4S	Rec vaccinia virus	High	mAbs	Passive immunization	[12]
E or NS1	JEV	High	mAbs	Protective immunity	[13]
NS1	JEV	High	—	Elicits DNA immunization	[17]
M protein mutant	VSV	Low	mAbs	Passive immunization	[25]
		Infection	Treatment/proposed mechanism		References
Cell mediated immune response
NS and S	JEV	High	CTL recognition of virus		[61]
			Action of NK/cytotoxic T cell		[62]
			JEV-specific murine CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes		[70, 72]
NS and S	JEV and other viruses	High	Passive transfer of immune spleen T cells		[73]
			MyD88 adaptor molecule-dependent/independent pathways		[94]
Virus protein	JEV and other viruses	High	JEV Th1 and Th2 cytokines		[55]
			Anti-inflammatory cytokine		[83, 86]
			Interleukin-10, endogenous IL-10 production		[89, 90]
			Natural antibodies and complement		[58, 60]
Humoral immune response to JEV
NS1 protein	JEV, DNV	High	Protective immunity		[102]
NS1	JEV	High	DNA immunization with NS1 elicits protective immunity		[103]
			Virus-specific cytolytic antibodies		[104]
			ADCC-dependent cytolysis of virus		[104]
prM and E proteins	JEV	High	Subviral particle mAbs are highly protective		[110, 114]
SMP* virus-vaccinia recombinants		High	Induce high levels of protection against JEV		[111]
Chimpanzee fabs	JEV	High	Humanized monoclonal antibodies		[112]
Other mechanisms
			Antiviral actions of interferon		[132]
			RNA interference		[115, 118]
			RNA silencing		[116, 119]
			Complement mediated cytolysis pathway		[127]
			T-cell priming		[122, 123]

∗Structural membrane proteins.