Significant Others, Knowledge, and Belief on Smoking as Factors Associated with Tobacco Use in Italian Adolescents

Table 1

Smokers versus non-smokers. Chi-square test.

	Smokers		Nonsmokers
	𝑁	%	𝑁	%	𝜒^2
Sources of influence of smoking status
Smokers in the family
No one	158	27.87	770	43.90	74.13*
Father	103	18.17	319	18.19
Mother	76	13.40	151	8.61
Other relatives	30	5.29	137	7.81
More than one relative	200	35.27	377	21.49
Knowing teachers who smoke
Yes	265	69.37	416	49.94	40.14*
No	117	30.63	417	50.06
Seeing teachers who smoke
Yes	470	78.20	973	53.46	114.87*
No	131	21.80	847	46.54
Primary influence
Friends
Yes	532	95.68	1639	99.33	35.48*
No	24	4.32	11	0.67
Family
Yes	45	7.99	133	7.92	0.03
No	518	92.01	1546	92.08
Desire to grow up
Yes	180	31.47	671	39.03	10.52*
No	392	68.53	1048	60.97
Feeling of inferiority
Yes	57	10.18	316	18.90	22.92*
No	503	89.82	1356	81.10
Believes on smoking and secondhand smoke harmfulness
Nicotine is harmful to health
Yes	555	92.65	1476	99.19	69.93*
No	44	7.35	12	0.81
Nicotine is harmful to pregnancy
Yes	577	95.69	1796	98.25	12.77*
No	26	4.31	32	1.75
Nicotine is harmful to the fetus
Yes	549	93.37	1799	98.79	52.99*
No	39	6.63	22	1.21
Second hand smoke is harmful to health
Yes	437	74.57	1413	95.73	203.58*
No	149	25.43	63	4.27
Second hand smoke is harmful to kids’ growth
Yes	477	88.99	1731	97.30	64.51*
No	59	11.01	48	2.70
Knowledge on nicotine/smoke damages
Number of cigarettes/day harmful to health
Correct answers	122	20.93	496	28.97	14.31*
Wrong answers	461	79.07	1216	71.03
Pipe/cigar are harmful to health like cigarettes
Yes	213	36.72	1025	58.44	82.51*
No	367	63.28	729	41.56
Nicotine induces dependence
No	11	1.95	37	2.16	1.79
Yes, psychical	376	66.67	1139	66.61
Yes, physical	120	21.28	333	19.47
Yes, psychophysical	57	10.11	201	11.75
Need to fight tobacco use
Yes	138	33.17	410	28.22	3.83
No	278	66.83	1043	71.78

^∗𝑃<0.05 (two-tailed).