Abstract
A rapid, simple, and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been described for the determination of nimodipine in bulk drug, tablets, and injection. The proposed method is based on the diazotization of reduced nimodipine with nitrous acid followed by coupling with phloroglucinol to form colored azo dye and showing absorption maximum () at 410 nm. The formed colored azo dye is stable for about more than 2 h. The method obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration range of 0–25 μg/mL and the corresponding molar absorptivity value is L/moL/cm. The Sandell sensitivity values limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values have also been reported for the developed method. The accuracy and precision of the method was evaluated on intra- and interday basis; the relative error (%RE) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were <2.0%. All variables have been optimized and the presented reaction sequence was applied to the analysis of nimodipine in bulk drug, tablets, and injections. The performance of this method was evaluated in terms of Student’s -test and variance ratio -test to find out the significance of proposed method over the reference method.
1. Introduction
Nimodipine (NMD), chemically known as isopropyl-2-methoxyethyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate (Figure 1), is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that acts by relaxing the arterial smooth muscle. It is known for its preferential action on cerebral blood vessels and its potential cytoprotective effects by reducing calcium influx into nerve cells [1]. Nimodipine has also been used in the other cerebrovascular disorders, such as ischemic stroke, hypertension, and multi-infarct dementia [2]. It increases blood flow to injured brain tissues. It has been officially determined by liquid chromatographic method with UV detection [3].
Various analytical methods for the measurement of this compound have been reported. These include HPLC [4], LC-MS-MS [5], LC-MS [6], and GC with electron capture detection [7]. These techniques are highly expensive and not affordable for the routine analysis of dosage forms. Various analytical techniques that have been reported for this drug in therapeutics include atomic absorption spectrophotometry [8], polarography [9], spectrofluorimetry [10], and spectrophotometry [11–16].
Many of the reported methods are time consuming and require expensive experimental setup [4–7], and polarographic methods are less sensitive [9]. Besides, the reported spectrophotometric methods are less sensitive [11–16] and require heating conditions [11] and costly chromogenic reagent [13], (Table 1). Considering these demerits, there was a need to develop more advantageous spectrophotometric method for the determination of NMD in bulk sample and in tablets.
The present investigation reports the development and validation of a simple, highly sensitive, and accurate method for the determination of NMD in bulk drug, tablets, and in injection based on diazo-coupling reaction using phloroglucinol (PG) as the coupling agent. The developed method is validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, and recovery as per the current ICH guidelines.
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Apparatus
All spectral and absorbance measurements were performed using a Systronics Model 166 digital spectrophotometer provided with 1 cm matched silica quartz cells.
2.2. Reagents and Standards
Analytical reagent grade chemicals and reagents were used, and double distilled water was used throughout the experiment to prepare all solutions. (i) Standard NMD solution. The pharmaceutical grade NMD certified to be 99.99% pure was received from (Cipla Ltd., Mumbai, India) as a gift sample and used as received. Accurately 10 mg each of NMD was weighed into a 100 mL beaker and dissolved NMD in 5 mL acetone. To this, 5 mL 4 N hydrochloric acid and 1 g of zinc dust were added and shaken thoroughly for about 15 min and then diluted up to the mark with water in a 100 mL calibrated flask (100 μg/mL), and filter through Whatman number 41 filter paper. Working solutions were prepared as required by dilution. Pharmaceutical formulations of NMD such as Nimodip (Cadila) and Nimotide (Micro synapse) tablets and Modipin (Torrent) injection were purchased from local markets.(ii) Phloroglucinol [PG] [1% w/v]. It was prepared by dissolving 1 g of the phloroglucinol (99.98%) (BDH Chemicals Ltd., Poole, England) in 100 mL distilled water.(iii) Others. Aqueous solutions of sodium nitrite [0.1%] (Merck), sulfamic acid [3.0% w/v] (Qualigens), sodium hydroxide [4 M] (Merck), and hydrochloric acid [1 M] (Merck) were prepared and used.
2.3. Preparation of Calibration Graph
Aliquot of nimodipine ranging from 0 to 25 μg/mL was transferred into a series of 10 mL volumetric flasks. To each flask, 0.5 mL sodium nitrite (0.1% w/v) and 1 mL of 1 M hydrochloric acid were added. After 3 min, 0.5 mL of sulfamic acid (3% w/v) was added to each flask. Then, 1 mL of phloroglucinol (1% w/v) and 1.5 mL 4 M sodium hydroxide were added. The contents were made up to the mark with distilled water and mixed well. After 5 min, the absorbance of the yellow colored azo dye was measured at 410 nm against the reagent blank. The amount of nimodipine present in the sample was computed from the calibration curve.
2.4. Procedure for Commercial Samples
2.4.1. Procedure for Tablets
Twenty tablets were weighed accurately and ground into a fine powder. Tablets powder equivalent to 10 mg of the NMD was accurately weighed and dissolved in 5 mL of methanol. To this, 5 mL 4 N hydrochloric acid and 1 g of zinc dust were added into a 100 mL volumetric flask and shaken thoroughly for about 30 min. The volume was made up to the mark with water, mixed well and filtered using Whatman number 41 filter paper. Appropriate aliquots of the drug solution were taken, and the proposed standard procedure was followed for analysis of the drug content.
2.4.2. Procedure for Injection
Nimodipine injection sample such as Modipin (Torrent) was transferred into a 100 mL calibrated flask. Then, the volume was diluted to the mark with distilled water and mixed well. The content of the flask which was at a concentration of 100 μg/mL was subjected to analysis by the procedure described above after suitable dilution step.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemistry
In the developed method, the aromatic amino group in reduced nimodipine undergoes diazotization with nitrous acid and then couples the resulting diazonium salt with phloroglucinol to form yellow colored azo dye and exhibits absorption maximum at 410 nm. The colored azo dye formed is stable for more than 2 h. Two steps are involved in the reaction that produces the colored azo dyes. In the first step, reduced NMD is treated with nitrite solution in hydrochloric acid medium and undergoes diazotization to give diazonium ion. In the second step, the diazonium ion is coupled with the coupling agent phloroglucinol to form colored azo dyes in alkaline medium [17, 18]. Based on the above observations, a simple spectrophotometric method to the determination of NMD was developed and validated as per the current ICH guidelines (see Scheme 1).
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3.2. Optimization of Experimental Parameters
The various experimental parameters, which influence the formation of the colored azo dye, were optimized.
3.2.1. Effect of Reagents
In order to study the effect of concentration of phloroglucinol, a fixed concentration of NMD (10 μg/mL) was taken in a series of 10 mL calibrated flasks, and to that 0.5–3 mL of phloroglucinol (1% w/v) was added and studied by measuring the absorbance at specified wavelengths in the standard procedure. Optimization is done by varying one parameter, keeping others constant. A volume of 1 mL phloroglucinol (1%) in a total volume of 10 mL was found to be sufficient leading to maximum color stability of the azo dye (Figure 2(a)).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The constant absorbance readings were obtained in the range 0.25–2.0 mL of 0.1% sodium nitrite (Figure 2(b)). Thus, 0.5 mL of sodium nitrite solution was used in a total volume of 10 mL of reaction mixture. The excess of nitrite could be removed by the addition of 0.5 mL of 3% sulfamic acid.
3.2.2. Effect of Acid Concentration
Diazotization was carried out at room temperature, and cooling to 0–5°C was not necessary. The hydrochloric acid concentration was studied (Figure 2(c)), and 1 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid concentration was fixed for getting a stable diazonium ion in a 10 mL reaction mixture at room temperature (°C).
3.2.3. Effects of Alkali
In the developed method, the optimum concentration of sodium hydroxide leading to a maximum intensity of the yellow colored azo dye was found to be 1 mL of 4 M in the final solution. Higher concentrations of alkali may lead to partial decolorization of the dye.
3.2.4. Effects of Reaction Time and Stability of the Azo Dye
Experiment was carried out to optimize the reaction time and stability of the azo dye. The colored azo dye developed rapidly after addition of the reagents and attained maximum intensity after about 5 min at room temperature. Stability study of the azo dye was carried out by measuring the absorbance values at time intervals of 10 min and was found to be stable for more than 2 h (Figure 2(d)).
3.3. Method Validation
The spectrophotometric method validation characteristics were tested in accordance with ICH [19, 20] guidelines. The proposed method was evaluated under the optimum conditions with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, molar absorptivity, Sandell’s sensitivity, and Student’s -test.
3.3.1. Linearity, Detection, and Quantitation Limit
A linear calibration graph was constructed using a standard solution of NMD. Under established experimental conditions, a linear correlation was found between the absorbance at 410 nm and concentrations of NMD in the ranges given in Table 2. Regression analysis of the calibration curve is described by where = absorbance, = intercept, = slope, and = concentration, and the values are presented in Table 2. The optical characteristics such as absorption maxima, Beer’s law limit, molar absorptivity, and Sandell’s sensitivity values [21] are also given in Table 2.
3.3.2. Accuracy and Precision
Precision and Accuracy. The intraday and interday precision of the proposed method was established by replicate analysis of NMD samples at three different concentrations (low, medium, and high) (Table 3) within the working limits, each being repeated five times. The percentage relative standard deviation (% RSD) values of both intra- and interday studies are shown in Table 3 were satisfactory and showed the best appraisal of the procedures in daily use. Accuracy was evaluated as percentage relative error (% RE) between the measured mean concentrations and taken concentrations for NMD. Bias {bias% = [(Concentration found-known concentration) × 100/known concentration]} was calculated at each concentration, and the results obtained from this investigation are also summarized in Table 3. The values percentage relative error between the concentrations of NMD for taken and found less than 2% showed the high accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of NMD in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
3.3.3. Selectivity
The selectivity of the proposed method to pharmaceutical samples was tested by a placebo blank and synthetic mixture analyses. A placebo blank containing starch (10 mg), acacia (10 mg), methyl cellulose (20 mg), sodium citrate (15 mg), talc (15 mg), magnesium stearate (10 mg), and sodium alginate (15 mg) was prepared by combining all components, and its solution was prepared as described under “procedure for tablets” and was subjected to analysis by following the general procedures. It was found that, there was no interference from the common excipients added to the tablets.
A synthetic mixture was separately prepared by adding pure NMD (10 mg) to placebo blank of similar composition and homogenized. The extract was prepared by taking synthetic mixture containing NMD (10 mg in 100 mL) to give NMD (100 μg/mL). Synthetic mixture solution prepared above was taken at three different concentrations equivalent to 10, 15, and 20 μg/mL and was subjected to analysis by following the general procedure. The results of the study indicate that the common excipients did not interfere with the analysis by the proposed method and the results were obtained in the range from 98% to 101.5%. These results complemented the findings of the placebo blank analysis with respect to selectivity.
3.3.4. Application to the Tablets and Injection
The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of NMD in commercial tablets and injection. The same batch tablets were also assayed by the reference method [14] which consisted of measurement of absorbance of NMD at 550 nm. The results of an assay were statistically compared with the reference method [14] by applying the Student’s -test for accuracy and -test for precision. The results in Table 4 showed that there is no significant difference between the proposed and reference method [14] at the 95% confidence level with respect to accuracy and precision.
3.3.5. Recovery
To further assess the accuracy of the proposed method, recovery experiment was performed by applying the standard addition technique. The recovery test was done by adding nimodipine to the previously analyzed tablets. The recovery of each drug was calculated by comparing the concentration obtained from the spiked mixtures with those of pure drugs. The results are summarized in Table 5.
4. Conclusions
In the present investigation, a simple, highly sensitive, accurate, and precise spectrophotometric method for the routine estimation of NMD in pure form, tablets, and injection is described. The proposed method has better linear dynamic ranges and sensitivity compared to the reported visible [10–14] spectrophotometric method. The main advantages of the established method are as follow.(i)Diazotization was carried out at room temperature, and cooling to 0–5°C was not necessary.(ii)The amount of the reagents used in the reaction is minimum. In addition, organic solvent are not used in the determination.
Furthermore, the proposed method does not require elaborate procedures, which are usually associated with chromatographic methods and other traditional extractive spectrophotometric methods. The methods are unaffected by slight variations in the experimental conditions such as basicity, reagent concentrations, and temperature. These advantages give the proposed method a great value and make it applicable for the analysis of NMD in routine quality control pharmaceutical laboratories.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Cipla Ltd., India, for the generous supply of pure drug sample. One of the authors H. N. Deepakumari is thankful to the University of Mysore, Mysore, for providing necessary facilities.