A Low Power Voltage Controlled Oscillator Design

Table 1

Results for NAND delay based VCOs.

Control voltage (V)	Three-stage VCO		Five-stage VCO		Seven-stage VCO
	Output frequency (GHz)	Power consumption (𝜇W)	Output frequency (GHz)	Power consumption (µW)	Output frequency (GHz)	Power consumption (𝜇W)
1.8	3.2909	335.4071	1.9406	559.0118	1.3984	782.6165
1.9	3.3964	359.4469	2.0288	599.0782	1.4401	838.7095
2.0	3.5444	383.8849	2.0959	639.8081	1.5010	895.7314
2.1	3.7092	408.7571	2.2106	681.2619	1.5954	953.7666
2.2	3.9342	434.0872	2.3065	723.4787	1.6432	1012.900
2.3	4.1088	459.8914	2.3716	766.4857	1.7290	1073.100
2.4	4.2280	486.1816	2.5769	810.3027	1.8077	1134.400