Is Cut-Flower Industry Promotion by the Government Negatively Affecting Pollinator Biodiversity and Environmental/Human Health in Uganda?

Table 16

Farmers’ perception of key drivers (factors) of the ongoing decline (loss/erosion) in wild and managed pollinators in villages in relationship to multiple drivers and pressures that act simultaneously/synergistically on pollinator communities in villages (farmers’ rating of key drivers of bee diversity in their village). Among various interacting drivers (types of disturbances) of wild bee abundance and species richness, the most important factors likely being responsible for ongoing decline (loss/erosion) in wild and managed pollinators in the villages are ranked by order of importance.

Type of drivers/pressures/disturbances of pollinators	Wagagai	Mairye	Fiduga	Pearl	Overall mean	Kruskal-Wallis test
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	DF	𝐻 (adj)	𝑃
General land-use changes/shifts pattern	4.91±0.05	5.29±0.06	4.01±0.09	3.85±0.05	4.51±0.06	3	81.71	<0.0001
Fragmentation of natural habitats (forests, wetlands)	𝟐.𝟗𝟑±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟏.𝟑𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟏.𝟐𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟓	𝟏.𝟗𝟗±𝟎.𝟒𝟑	𝟏.𝟗𝟎±𝟎.𝟏𝟑	3	88.78	<0.0001
Loss/degradation of semi-natural habitats (hedges, grasslands)	4.24±0.05	4.12±0.19	2.97±0.07	3.08±0.06	3.60±0.09	3	79.51	<0.0001
Forest/bushes clear-cutting in the village	𝟏.𝟎𝟑±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟏.𝟗𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟎.𝟗𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟏.𝟎𝟓±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟏.𝟐𝟔±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	3	62.44	<0.0001
Logging, charcoal burning, timber/poles/firewood collection	𝟏.𝟎𝟕±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	𝟏.𝟎𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟎.𝟗𝟓±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟏.𝟗𝟑±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟏.𝟐𝟔±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	3	65.13	<0.0001
Forest habitats conversion into grazing fields/crop fields	𝟑.𝟑𝟓±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	𝟏.𝟏𝟐±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	𝟑.𝟓±𝟎.𝟏𝟎	𝟓.𝟎𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟑.𝟐𝟕±𝟎.𝟎𝟓	3	88.82	<0.0001
Over-harvesting of specific resources in the forests	𝟒.𝟐𝟔±𝟎.𝟎𝟗	𝟏.𝟎𝟕±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟒.𝟕𝟔±𝟎.𝟏𝟑	𝟓.𝟏𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	𝟑.𝟖𝟐±𝟎.𝟎𝟕	3	76.48	<0.0001
Agriculture modernization plan by the government	5.14±0.02	4.98±0.03	5.31±0.04	5.13±0.08	5.14±0.04	3	16.27	0.001
Cultivation intensification (cropping intensification)	4.50±0.07	5.22±0.06	4.08±0.01	4.27±0.06	4.52±0.05	3	63.92	<0.0001
Indigenous/native trees cutting/degradation in villages	𝟑.𝟐𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	𝟑.𝟑𝟏±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	𝟏.𝟏𝟏±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟐.𝟏𝟎±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟐.𝟒𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	3	88.92	<0.0001
Intensification of farm management practices	5.33±0.05	5.49±0.07	5.28±0.04	4.17±0.06	5.06±0.05	3	89.07	<0.0001
Increasing application of pesticides/other agrochemicals	𝟑.𝟏𝟐±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	𝟏.𝟐𝟓±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	𝟒.𝟏𝟐±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	𝟑.𝟐𝟏±𝟎.𝟎𝟓	𝟐.𝟗𝟐±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	3	74.56	<0.0001
Grazing intensification	5.38±0.06	3.35±0.05	5.22±0.04	4.96±0.04	4.73±0.05	3	73.38	<0.0001
Fires burning intensification	𝟏.𝟐𝟕±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	𝟐.𝟎𝟓±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟏.𝟐𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	𝟐.𝟏𝟔±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	𝟏.𝟔𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	3	80.11	<0.0001
General environmental pollution/degradation	5.25±0.03	5.24±0.04	4.32±0.04	5.22±0.04	5.01±0.04	3	61.61	<0.0001
Decreased/degradation of floral/nesting resources diversity	𝟒.𝟎𝟏±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	𝟏.𝟑𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟓	𝟑.𝟎𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟑.𝟑𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟓	𝟐.𝟗𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	3	91.04	<0.0001
Alien invasive species spread in the village	4.92±0.03	5.17±0.06	4.24±0.05	5.08±0.02	4.85±0.04	3	64.23	<0.0001
Cultivation of exotic high yielding varieties/genotypes	𝟑.𝟎𝟐±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	𝟏.𝟐𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟑.𝟓𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟗	𝟓.𝟐𝟎±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	𝟑.𝟐𝟓±𝟎.𝟎𝟒	3	90.85	<0.0001
Bee diseases/parasites and predation	𝟒.𝟗𝟐±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	𝟏.𝟑𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	𝟒.𝟎𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟖	𝟓.𝟓𝟔±𝟎.𝟎𝟖	𝟑.𝟗𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	3	94.22	<0.0001
Increasing urbanization of rural towns	4.12±0.04	4.06±0.03	3.94±0.06	5.38±0.06	4.38±0.05	3	83.85	<0.0001
Road construction	5.19±0.04	5.08±0.03	5.15±0.06	4.98±0.04	5.13±0.05	3	6.89	0.075
Demographic pressures (human population increase, refugees migration)	4.45±0.05	4.10±0.01	4.16±0.10	4.31±0.04	4.26±0.05	3	14.67	0.02
Natural calamities (landslide, river floods)	4.91±0.05	1.93±0.03	4.12±0.09	4.06±0.08	3.75±0.06	3	76.73	<0.0001
Research and tourism (wildlife visits) intensification	𝟓.𝟏𝟏±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	𝟎.𝟗𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟏	𝟓.𝟏𝟓±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	𝟒.𝟒𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟗	𝟑.𝟗𝟑±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	3	67.15	<0.0001
Local climate change (rainfall pattern changes)	𝟐.𝟏𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	𝟏.𝟎𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	𝟐.𝟏𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟔	𝟏.𝟗𝟔±𝟎.𝟎𝟐	𝟏.𝟖𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟑	3	60.58	<0.0001
Regional and global climate changes	5.21±0.04	4.99±0.04	3.75±0.07	4.34±0.10	4.58±0.06	3	77.20	<0.0001

Ranks: 1: very important (or primary causal) agent; 2: important causal agent; 3: associate (secondary) important causal agent, 4: playing tertiary role; 5: play very little or no role in the decline process; 6: has nothing to do with bee decline (not sure this can affect bees).