Review Article

Public Awareness of Colorectal Cancer Screening: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Interventions for Increasing Screening Uptake

Table 3

Randomized controlled trials using one to one education as interventional strategy.

AuthorAimInterventionParticipants
( )
Participation,
(%)
Follow-up
(month)

Gray and Pennington (2000) [49] Flexible sigmoidoscopy after interventionGroup 1: invitation to have screening and explanatory leaflet16527NR#
Group 2: same as Group 1 and discussion with the general practitioner15421

Stokamar et al. (2005) FOBT completion after interventionGroup 1: educational sessions by primary care nurses, 2-page handout on CRC screening, AND instructions about stool collection39665.9*6
Group 2: instructions about stool collection39251.3

Jandorf et al. (2005) [50] CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: patient navigator (written reminders, phone calls, scheduling assistance, and encouraging participation)3823.7*6
Group 2: usual care405

Basch et al. (2006) [51] CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: tailored telephone educational intervention based on behavioral sciences and educational theories22627*12
Group 2: printed materials (cover letter and brochure published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)2306.1

Tu et al. (2006) [52] FOBT completion after interventionGroup 1: health educator and educational materials (video and motivational and informational pamphlet)10570*6
Group 2: usual care10528

Dietrich et al. (2006) [53] Any CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: educational brochure and 4 support calls by prevention care managers (provided motivational support, sent reminders and FOBT, arranged transportation, etc)69663* 
43 (FOBT)
18
Group 2: single telephone call answering questions about screening and recommendations to order screening 69450
31 (FOBT)

Dietrich et al. (2007) [54] Any CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: trained bilingual outreach specialist (telephone calls recommending screening) and mailed educational material65325*13
Group 2: prevention care managers (telephone calls recommending screening and discussing barriers against screening), material about overcoming barriers, and support scheduling screening appointments66332

Beach et al. (2007) [55] Any CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: prevention care managers (telephone reminders, emotional support, overcoming screening barriers, and scheduling screening appointments)52853*18
Group 2: usual care 54238

Turner et al. (2008) [56] Colonoscopy screening after interventionGroup 1: peer coach (patients with special training in communication skills) and phone calls6668.6**19
Group 2: brochures by the American Cancer Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention7057.6
Group 3: no support needed (patients with high readiness)4981.6
Group 4: not contacted4961.2
Group 5: declined support4148.8

Percac-Lima et al. (2009) [42] Any CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: introductory letter + educational material + phone or in-person contact by language-concordant navigator (community health workers)40927* 
21 (colonoscopy)*
9
Group 2: usual care 81412
10 (colonoscopy)

Blumenthal et al. (2010) [57] CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: introductory meetings and written information (CRC screening information and National Cancer Institute pamphlet) 6217.76
Group 2: same as Group 1 and 3 sessions (45 minutes) with a health educator (one to one)6322.2
Group 3: same as Group 3 but in groups of 4–14 participants (group education)6725.4
Group 4: same as Group 1 and financial support covering (covering screening, transportation, and other nonmedical expenses) 6533.9*†

Simon et al. (2010) [45] Any CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: interactive outreach phone call to engage participants in conversation about CRC screening options and barriers against screening10432 30.612
Group 2: usual care10506 30.4

Menon et al. (2011) [58] Any CRC screening after interventionGroup 1: counselling calls 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months after intervention and telephone based motivational interview with discussion about beliefs and stages of readiness about CRC screening 17818.56
Group 2: counselling calls 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months, postintervention tailored health counselling (standardized survey over the phone, computer program with tailored messages, and phone call by a trained interventionist)16823.8
Group 3: usual care16911.8

Lasser et al. (2011) [46] Colonoscopy or FOBT screening after interventionGroup 1: introductory letter with educational material and patient navigation-based intervention (phone calls offering CRC screening) 23533.6*‡12
Group 2: usual care23020

Coronado et al. (2011) [26] Screening FOBT after interventionGroup 1: usual care1952*9
Group 2: mailed FOBT and instructions16826
Group 3: same as Group 2, phone call reminder and home visit by trained community members addressing strategies for CRC screening and definition of CRC16831

Nonreported.
*Statistically significant ( ).
**No comparisons between intervention groups and nonintervention groups. Nonsignificant differences between the 2 intervention groups. Significant difference in colonoscopy attendance in the no support needed group compared with those who declined support.
Statistically significant Group 4 versus Group 1.
More beneficial for patients whose primary language was not English.