Abstract
We report some results on the compound multiplicity distribution at 340 GeV/c nucleus interactions. Compound multiplicity distribution is found to depend on the target size and the distribution becomes broader. The peak of the distribution shifts towards higher values of the compound particle multiplicity. Mean compound multiplicity is found to vary linearly with grey, heavy, and shower particle multiplicity. Correlations between different particle multiplicities have been studied in detail. Dispersion of compound multiplicity distributions and its ratio with the mean value is observed to obey a linear relationship with different particle multiplicities except for shower particles where dispersion is almost independent of shower particles. Mean normalized multiplicity has also been studied in terms of created charged particles.
1. Introduction
The investigation of particle-nucleus collisions is fundamental for understanding the nature of the interaction process and these collisions have been studied extensively [1–6]. In experiments on hadron-nucleus (hA) collisions, mostly the attention was paid to the studies of relativistic charged particles produced during these reactions; however, less attempt was made to study the grey and black particles. But the studies on grey particles may provide some useful information because they are envisaged to be produced during or shortly after the passage of leading hadron and hence are expected to remember a part of the history of the reaction. Grey particles may also be taken as good measure of the number of collisions made by the striking hadron inside the target nucleus [7–11]. When a primary particle collides with a target nucleus, the secondary particles produced are shower , grey , and black . These particles are seen in the form of track. The number of grey and black tracks/particles taken together in an event/interaction is termed as heavy track .
In the study of multiparticle production, multiplicity is one of the most important parameters. This parameter may help in explaining many aspects of particle production process. For the first time Jurak and Linscheid [12] studied some characteristics of proton-nucleus interactions taking shower and grey particles together without making any distinction between them. The number of shower and grey particles taken together in an event was termed as compound particle multiplicity . Many workers [13–22] analysed the data on nucleus-nucleus (AA) and hA collisions to investigate some interesting features of compound multiplicity distribution. But less attempt has been made to study the compound multiplicity distribution for pion-nucleus interactions data at 340 GeV/c. Keeping this fact in mind an effort is made in this direction. This will help to compare the particle production process in AA collisions and particle-nucleus collisions.
This paper presents a detailed study of compound multiplicity distribution. In this paper, the phenomenon of particle production in high energy nuclear collisions has been investigated by using the nuclear emulsion technique [23]. Emulsion consists of various elements like hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), silver (Ag), and bromine (Br). A thorough study of correlation between different particle multiplicities has been carried out. The variation of mean normalized multiplicity, , with different types of particles produced is investigated.
2. Experimental Details
In the present investigation a stack of Ilford-G5 emulsion pellicles each of size exposed to a negative pion beam of energy 340 GeV with flux particles/cm2 at the CERN SPS has been used to collect the data sample. Plates were scanned using M4000 Cooke’s series microscopes with 15x eye pieces and 20x objectives. The measurement was carried out by using an oil-immersion objective of 100x magnification. To make sure that data sample does not include any secondary interaction, the primaries of all the events were followed back up to the edge of the plates and only those events whose primary remained parallel to the main direction of the beam and which did not show any significant change in their ionization were finally picked up as genuine primary events.
The secondary tracks emanating from each detected interaction were classified according to emulsion experiment terminology [23] on the basis of their specific ionization , where is the ionization of the track and is the ionization of the primary. The tracks with , , and were named as shower, grey, and black tracks, respectively. Shower tracks are relativistic charged particles which are mostly produced in the forward hemisphere whereas grey and black tracks are slow particles.
In order to test the target size dependence of compound multiplicity distribution which is shown in Figure 1, four types of targets were used. For 0, 1 nucleon is the target, for , nucleus is the target, for –6, light nuclei (CNO) act as target, and, for , heavy nuclei (AgBr) act as target. The size of the target is decided by the heavy particle multiplicity .
The interactions, which were produced within 35 µm from top or bottom surface of the pellicles and caused by primaries making angles greater than 2 degrees with the mean beam direction, have been excluded from the data. The events were picked up after leaving 3 mm from the leading edges of the pellicles to avoid any distortion effects. Applying the above rules a sample of 1582 clean events was collected.
3. Experimental Results
In order to study the target size dependence of compound multiplicity distribution, we have divided the data sample into different ensembles. It can be seen from Figure 1 that as target size increases, the compound particle multiplicity distribution becomes broader and broader and the peak of the distribution shifts towards the higher value of . Other workers [15, 17, 18, 20] have observed similar behaviour. We have tried to study the correlation between different particle multiplicities by using the following relation of the form: where , , , , , .
The values of the constants and have been calculated by the method of least squares.
Figure 2 shows the correlations between the and , , . It is observed from the figure that increases linearly with , , and . The correlations are represented by the following linear relations of the form: Figure 3 shows the variation of , , and with . Here again we find that , , and increase linearly with . Least square fittings have been made and the following equations are obtained: The variation of the dispersion of compound multiplicity distribution is defined as And the ratio with , , and are shown in Figures 4 and 5. Almost a linear dependence, which is given by the following equations is observed in all the cases except in the case of with where it is found that dispersion of compound multiplicity distribution is almost independent of charged shower particles except at lower values of , which may be due to statistical fluctuations. This observation agrees qualitatively with collective tube model (CTM) [24–27] prediction.
Another parameter which is used to understand the multiparticle production process is the mean normalized multiplicity, (say ).
Initially this parameter was defined as where represents the mean number of charged shower particles produced in hA interactions and is the average number of charged particles in hadron-hadron collisions at almost the same energy. However, later on, some new definitions to the parameter were given in terms of created charged particles. Thus, for example, in -A interactions, this was taken as [28, 29] Here Cr means created charged particles. For the present investigation, and have been calculated by using the following relations:
The variations of and with , , and are shown in Figures 6 and 7. One may notice from the figures that and depend more strongly on than or and the data is best fitted by the following lines:
The diffractive excitation model [30, 31] and energy flux cascade (EFC) model [32] predict that should vary with the number of collisions made by the impinging hadron inside the struck nucleus, , as , (in the diffractive excitation model) and and (in the EFC). The CTM [24–27] predicts that should vary as , since the number of grey particles, , is considered as the best measure of the number of collisions. Thus, none of these predictions of models agree with experimental results.
4. Concluding Remarks
On the basis of the results presented we may conclude the following.(i)The compound multiplicity distribution is found to become broader as the target size increases so one can say that it is target size dependent.(ii)Mean compound multiplicity is found to vary linearly with grey, heavy, and shower particle multiplicity.(iii)The variation of the ratio of the dispersion of compound particle multiplicity distribution to the mean compound multiplicity with shower particle multiplicity supports collective tube model.(iv)The dependence of mean normalized multiplicity and mean normalized multiplicity in terms of created charged particles on grey particle multiplicity is against the collective tube model prediction.
Conflict of Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.