Heavy Metal Levels in Adolescent and Maternal Blood: Association with Risk of Hypospadias

Table 2

Comparison of heavy metal levels (ppm/mL) in blood of cases and control mothers.

Heavy metals	Cases (𝑛=50)				Controls (𝑛=50)				𝑃 value
	Mean ± SD	25%	50%	75%	Mean ± SD	25%	50%	75%
Cadmium	1.19±0.93	0.64	1.06	1.32	0.08±0.26	0.00	0.01	0.06	0.01*
Chromium	0.80±0.57	0.42	0.61	1.11	0.29±0.49	0.08	0.17	0.27	0.01*
Arsenic	3.43±2.31	1.12	3.36	4.67	2.22±4.03	0.03	0.20	2.73	0.11
Lead	3.51±4.93	0.14	0.50	6.86	1.04±.889	0.66	0.84	1.28	0.01*

∗Significant at the 𝑃<0.05 level.