Venous Drainage Patterns in Carotid Cavernous Fistulas
Figure 2
Lateral (a) and anteroposterior (b) DSA views of a posttraumatic 46-year-old male subject shows a left sided high flow direct Type A CCF with major drainage toward posterior via BVR, SPS, and cerebellar vein; superior via SMCV; inferior via IPS and minor drainage toward anterior via ophthalmic veins and contralateral via intercavernous connections. Arrowhead on (a) indicates the lateral mesencephalic vein draining from SPS into BVR. There is filling of the right CS and right pterygoid plexus via intercavernous connections. BVR: Basal vein of Rosenthal, CS: cavernous sinus, IJV: internal jugular vein, IPS: inferior petrosal sinus, SMCV: superficial middle cerebral vein, SPS: superior petrosal sinus.
