Preventive Effects of a Kampo Medicine, Kakkonto, on Inflammatory Responses via the Suppression of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Human Gingival Fibroblasts

Figure 1

Effects of kakkonto on HGFs viability. The effect of kakkonto on the viability of HGFs at 24 h. HGFs were plated in 96-well microplates at 10,000 cells/mL, and media containing LPS and kakkonto were added. Cell numbers were evaluated by WST-8 at 24 h. The optical density (OD) was normalized to a relative value of 100% for cells without LPS or kakkonto treatments and is represented as means ± SD (𝑛=4). Open circles, treatment without LPS; closed circles, treatment with 10 ng/mL of LPS. ^∗∗𝑃<0.01 and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 (without kakkonto versus with kakkonto in the absence of LPS). ^#𝑃<0.01 and ^##𝑃<0.001 (without kakkonto versus with kakkonto in the presence of LPS). 𝑃 values were calculated by pairwise comparisons and corrected with the Holm method (16 null hypotheses).