Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives

Figure 1

Main signalling pathways (PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK) activated in cholangiocarcinogenesis by activation of tyrosine kinase receptors, such as EGFR, ERBB2, VEGFR, and others, and molecular mechanism of action of targeted therapies. In tumoral cells, the activation of signalling pathways induces the transcription of genes involved in proliferation, survival, and cell growth, while in endothelial cells the activation of these pathways stimulates angiogenesis.