International Scholarly Research Notices

Review Article

Returning for HIV Test Results: A Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitators

Table 3

Number of quotes per factor classified by barrier and facilitator with respect to return for HIV test results.
FactorsBarrierFacilitatorInsignificantTotal
Individual factors13681111328
(A) Sociodemographic characteristics573561153
(1) Age14111944
 (1.1) Younger age1——1
  (1.2) Older age—1—1
  (1.3) Childhood 12 years and under—2—2
  (1.4) Under 30 years including 34 years and under101718
  (1.5) 30 years old and over371222
(2) Gender6—39
  (2.1) Female3—14
  (2.2) Male3—25
(3) Sexual orientation4127
  (3.1) Heterosexual2114
  (3.2) Bisexual or heterosexual1——1
  (3.3) Transgender——11
  (3.4) Other orientation1——1
(4) Education54312
  (4.1) None or low education4—26
  (4.2) High school education and more1416
(5) Marital status13610
  (5.1) Single/unmarried1113
  (5.2) Married/living with partner—112
  (5.3) Divorced/separated——33
  (5.4) Widowed—112
(6) Occupation13812
  (6.1) Working—3811
  (6.2) Other occupation1——1
(7) Living condition1—12
  (7.1) Incarcerated1——1
  (7.2) Homeless——11
(8) Residence24511
  (8.1) Urban14510
  (8.2) Rural1——1
(9) Place of birth37212
  (9.1) From other city—1—1
  (9.2) From other province—1—1
  (9.3) Abroad/overseas—112
  (9.4) Different parts of Vietnam3317
  (9.5) Other place of birth—1—1
(10) Nationality2—13
  (10.1) From another country2——2
  (10.2) From a tribe——11
(11) Ethnicity132823
  (11.1) Black5139
  (11.2) Hispanic/Latino5—27
  (11.3) Asian/Pacific islander—123
  (11.4) Native American/Alaskan2—13
  (11.5) White1——1
(12) Religion1—34
  (12.1) Christian——33
  (12.2) Muslim1——1
(13) Weeks of gestation3——3
  (13.1) Fewer than 351——1
  (13.2) More than 352——2
(14) Having 5 or fewer children1——1
(B) Risky behaviors39212484
(I) Self-reported risks35202479
(1) Number of sex partners72817
  (1.1) One——22
  (1.2) 2 to 51124
  (1.3) More than 53148
  (1.4) Multiple3——3
(2) MSM1236
(3) Sex work5319
(4) Condom use2349
  (4.1) Protected sex1236
  (4.2) Unprotected sex1113
(5) Particular sex behavior12—3
  (5.1) Oral sex1——1
  (5.2) Overseas partners—1—1
  (5.3) Sex with casual partner—1—1
(6) Ever had sex—112
  (6.1) Had sex——11
  (6.2) No sex—1—1
(7) History of STD other than HIV54110
(8) IDU81312
  (8.1) User81211
  (8.2) Nonuser——11
(9) Other drug use3—14
(10) Blood-related risks2114
  (10.1) Blood transfusion11—2
  (10.2) Blood contact through behavior1——1
  (10.3) Hemophilia——11
(11) Alcohol consumption1—12
  (11.1) Occasional drinker1——1
  (11.2) Daily drinker——11
(12) Other self-reported risks—1—1
(II) Symptoms41—5
(1) Genital/anal symptoms1——1
(2) Loss of weight1——1
(3) Prenatal care11—2
  (3.1) Low prenatal care1——1
  (3.2) Had prenatal care—1—1
(4) Other symptoms1——1
(C) Perception of risk51814
(1) Level of perception51814
  (1.1) No risk2——2
  (1.2) Low risk1—23
  (1.3) Medium risk/some risk1113
  (1.4) High risk1—45
  (1.5) Unknown risk——11
(D) HIV knowledge62—8
(1) Level of knowledge62—8
  (1.1) No/low knowledge31—4
  (1.2) Have knowledge21—3
  (1.3) No knowledge about ART availability1——1
(E) Visiting reason810624
(1) Compulsory—1—1
(2) HIV testing23—5
(3) STI screening—1—1
(4) Have symptoms1——1
(5) Risk behavior taking1113
(6) Partner-related reasons1113
  (6.1) Partner is infected——11
  (6.2) Partner is at high risk—1—1
  (6.3) Current relationship1——1
(7) Casual contact with HIV-infected person——11
(8) Recommended by professional1113
(9) Clinical procedure—1—1
(10) Blood transfusion1——1
(11) Unknown/other1124
(F) HIV test result45413
(1) Positive HIV test44210
(2) Negative HIV test—123
(G) Testing history82616
(1) Prior HIV testing4239
  (1.1) Tested previously2136
  (1.2) Not tested previously21—3
(2) Prior HIV testing status1—12
  (2.1) Prior negative HIV test1——1
  (2.2) Prior negative HIV test——11
(3) Previously FTR/return3—25
  (3.1) Previously FTR3—14
  (3.2) Previously return——11
(H) Psychosocial factors72—9
(1) Beliefs3——3
  (1.1) Did not believe in self-prevention from HIV1——1
  (1.2) Belief that HIV can be cured1——1
  (1.3) Belief that medical follow-up can improve course of HIV1——1
(2) Psychological characteristics42—6
  (2.1) Self-esteem—1—1
  (2.2) Positive coping skills—1—1
  (2.3) Anxiety about HIV4——4
(I) Others individual factors2327
(1) Other age-related factors——22
  (1.1) Over 17 at outset of sexual activity——11
  (1.2) Over 17 at marriage/cohabitation——11
(2) Being disabled1——1
(3) Treated for drugs—2—2
(4) Health coverage11—2
  (4.1) Private coverage—1—1
  (4.2) No coverage1——1
Interpersonal factors19121546
(A) Risky partner behaviors96722
(1) Partner STD infections1315
  (1.1) HIV-infected—314
  (1.2) STD-infected1——1
(2) Partner alcohol/drug use2—24
  (2.1) IDU1—23
  (2.2) Alcohol consumer1——1
(3) Partner sexuality——22
  (3.1) MSM——11
  (3.2) Bisexuality——11
(4) Partner and sex work2114
  (4.1) Sex worker2—13
  (4.2) Client of sex work—1—1
(5) Partner has multiple sex partners——11
(6) Partner is traveling1——1
(7) Partner did not test1——1
(8) Partner has other risks/unknown risks22—4
(B) Social support45211
(1) Family relationship—213
  (1.1) Living with nonrelatives——11
  (1.2) Living with spouse—1—1
  (1.3) Living with relatives—1—1
(2) Number of gay friends3——3
  (2.1) Few gay friends1——1
  (2.2) Some gay friends1——1
  (2.3) Mostly gay friends1——1
(3) Having social support—213
(4) Having a counselor1——1
(5) Lacking a family confidant—1—1
(C) Knowledge of person with HIV1—12
(1) Have knowledge of someone with HIV1—12
(D) Other interpersonal factors51511
(1) Partner age——33
  (1.1) 25 to 34 years old——11
  (1.2) 34 to 71 years old——11
  (1.3) Unknown——11
(2) Years in couple1—12
  (2.1) 3 to 6 years1——1
  (2.2) 7 years and more——11
(3) Communication11—2
  (3.1) No discussion about reproductive health issues with partner1——1
  (3.2) Desire to share results—1—1
(4) Domestic violence3—14
  (4.1) Abuse by partner1——1
  (4.2) Rape2—13
Contextual factors266133
(1) Type of clinic attended173121
  (1.1) Family planning clinic2——2
  (1.2) STD clinic21—3
  (1.3) Detention facility1—12
  (1.4) Primary care clinic1——1
  (1.5) HIV test clinic1——1
  (1.6) Mobile clinic1——1
  (1.7) Prenatal/obstetric clinic1——1
  (1.8) Drug treatment center1——1
  (1.9) Health department2——2
  (1.10) Outpatient medical service1——1
  (1.11) Private physician—1—1
  (1.12) College—1—1
  (1.13) Base clinic1——1
  (1.14) Other type of clinic3——3
(2) Clinic visit (to a facility)1——1
(3) Counselling (no pretest counselling)—1—1
(4) Year tested7——7
  (4.1) 19981——1
  (4.2) 19991——1
  (4.3) 20001——1
  (4.4) 20011——1
  (4.5) 20021——1
  (4.6) 20031——1
  (4.7) 20041——1
(5) Other contextual factors12—3
  (5.1) Condom distribution—1—1
  (5.2) Same city as treatment center—1—1
  (5.3) Confidential testing1——1
Grand total18199127407