Abstract
The current needs of more nonlinear loads and the frequent usage of single-phase loads in three-phase system drastically create power quality issues in the grid-connected system. As a consequence, it creates an undesirable power quality issue (PQI) in the form of a change in the nature of voltage and current magnitude and waveforms in the power system. The voltage-related PQI leads to a huge disturbance in the system when compared with the current-related PQI. The hybrid series active power filter provides grids with the required voltage in series and suppresses the voltage-related harmonics caused by grid-connected nonlinear loads. The present work deals with an adaptive neurofuzzy inference system controller for the generation of a reference voltage signal that uses a reduced active filter rating. The simulation study was done in the MATLAB 2020b/Simulink environment and the experimental effectiveness of the proposed ANFIS controller was compared with that of a conventional controller. In the grid-connected system, this system prevents voltage quality problems such as voltage sag, flickering, voltage swell, neutral currents, and reactive power. The renewable energy sources interfaced into the DC-link minimize short and long voltage challenges so that they improve the overall performance of the system. In accordance with IEEE standard 519-1992, a prototype model was proved to demonstrate that the power delivery system works effectively under different conditions and reduces the total harmonic distortion by approximately 30%, which is less than the 5% acceptable limit.
1. Introduction
The major usage of nonlinear loads like electronic ballasts, SMPS, rectifiers, inverters, battery chargers, single-phase diode bridge rectifiers, power converter-fed drives, arc welding, furnaces, uninterrupted power supply, adjustable-speed drive, diode bridge rectifier, thyristor converter, and consumer electronics is producing an unnecessary power quality (PQ) disturbance in the grid-connected system [1–3]. In addition to fluctuations, voltage dips, oscillatory transients, momentary interruptions, harmonic resonance, harmonics, and other issues related to PQ, these loads also cause significant power budget blowouts. Similarly, single-phase load usage in a three-phase system generates unbalanced current and neutral current in the system, generating inefficient voltage regulation, extreme neutral current, excessive reactive power, and load unbalancing [4,5] formalized paraphrase. An increase in harmonics in the power system has several negative effects, including additional heating, amplifying harmonics due to banks of power factor correction capacitors, reducing transmission system efficiency, distribution transformers' overheating and defective electronic equipment, incorrect operation of circuit breakers, creating errors in measuring equipment, and communication and control signal interference. Poor power quality leads to production loss in industries, life-threatening consequences in hospitals, loss of critical communication in airports, and so on [6–8]. In a country, poor power quality causes a loss in overall productivity, which will badly affect its economy. Numerous studies have been conducted on the solutions to PQ problems such as passive filters (PF), active filters (AF), hybrid filters (HF), and custom power devices. Harmonic-related problems in the electrical power supply can be resolved simply, moderately, and reasonably with a PF [7–10]. However, PFs have shortcomings such as their size, complexity in filter design, resonance, and tuning problems. When compared with passive approaches, active filtering approaches for PQ enhancement have proven to be more effective because of their quicker response time, smaller size, and superior performance in recent years. Furthermore, active filtering automatically adjusts to changes in network characteristics, reducing the possibility of resonance between the filter and the network impedance [11–15]. A problem with AFs is that they produce high-frequency noise when high currents are switched on and off rapidly, which can cause electromagnetic interference in a power system distribution. A hybrid power filter (HPF) is formed by combining the operations of PFs and an active power filter (APF), and it alleviates the problems associated with the individual operation of active and passive filtering [11,13,16–20].
There are many controllers proposed for HSAPF in the literature, but they are limited to certain difficulties. Traditional controllers have some difficulties compensating for long-term system issues [21–23]. To achieve system performance improvements, neural networks and fuzzy logic are combined as a controller. To generate harmonic compensating voltage, an Adaptive Neurofuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) implemented controller is used. Calculations of reference current are to be carried out continuously as the load on the system changes from moment to moment. It is proposed to implement an ANFIS-based digital processor that generates the gating signals for thyristors in the adaptive shunt passive filter, as well as PWM signals for switching devices in the SAPF [24–26]. The modified p-q controller is the main controller to tune the parameters of active and reactive power. This can be done through ANFIS to achieve voltage profile improvement in the system. In order to compensate for the harmonic and the reactive power requirements of the nonlinear load, it produces the appropriate compensation signals for the active filter [27–31]. It also adjusts the passive filter component values. Using tap-changing transformers or uninterruptible power supplies as traditional methods for suppressing voltage variations has the disadvantage of being bulky, expensive, and slow enough to allow voltage sag effects at the load side to be eliminated. Due to its high controllability and reliability, the Hybrid Series Active Power Filter (HSAPF) uses a voltage source inverter (VSI) as an active filter in series and in parallel with a shunt high-pass filter. The problem of long-term interruptions or block-outs in the supply system is eliminated by incorporating renewable energy sources (RES) into the DC-link. The system improves performance and lowers the THD level below 5% as required by IEEE standard [32–36]. The purpose of this study is to propose an HSAPF to address power quality issues associated with voltage in grid-connected systems with the integration of renewable energy sources (RES). Thus, in this research, the HSAPF is proposed as a compensatory measure for power quality issues in RES integrated grid-connected systems.
2. System Description
2.1. Configuration of SAPF
The SAPF injects harmonic voltages to or from the source voltage as the voltage waveform is transmitted across the nonlinear load. During fundamental component operation, the device presents zero resistance. However, for harmonic component operation, it appears as a resistance with a high impedance. LC filters containing one or more single-tuned elements with or without a high-pass filter make up shunt passive filters. The SAPF with a shunt PF called HSAPF operates as a high impedance harmonic isolator. This is done by injecting a controlled harmonic voltage source between the nonlinear load and the source as shown in Figure 1. The result is that all load current harmonics except those at fundamental frequency are restricted to the passive filter. The load current harmonics are reduced by separating the source from the load.
Grid harmonic currents are not compensated, so instead they act as high impedance currents for loads. Thus, the passive filter can be located on the customer side of the system so that harmonic currents from the power system will not be consumed. In this case, there is no harmonic resonance, and the supply does not have a harmonic flow. HSAPF incorporates the features of a passive high-pass filter, thereby bypassing all upper order harmonics, while SAPF compensates for low order harmonics in the supply voltage.
2.2. The Proposed System Description
It is proposed that photovoltaic and wind energy systems use common DC-link combined with shunt passive filters while nonlinear loads are linked to standard voltage and current harmonic sources. SAPFs reduce the harmonic components of voltage waveforms by injecting voltage components into series with the supply voltage. It is a way to prevent voltage imbalances, voltage sags, and swells resulting from load fluctuations.
The two major RES are integrated into the system in two places, namely, the main source and, secondly, a source for compensation of long power interruptions through the DC-link. Boosting the low voltage output voltage of the PV panels is achieved by connecting the solar array to a DC-DC boost converter. Several methods for tracking maximum power points (MPPT) have been discussed in the literature, among which incremental conductance (IC) and perturbation and observation (P&O) are commonly employed. Here, the P&O model is used as it utilizes a simple feedback model and fewer parameters compared to the IC, which spends more time tracking maximum power. This algorithm is used to achieve the optimal solar panel output power from the solar energy source. A solar battery bank stores excess power generated by the panels, and the charge controller converts this energy into AC power.
A system that produces wind power is made up of a multipole synchronous generator attached to an adjustable-speed wind turbine. With the help of the rectifier, the output of a three-phase voltage is transformed into a DC voltage. Despite the deviation in the rectified DC voltage, the rectifier's output is combined with a DC-DC buck-boost converter to maintain a constant DC voltage. The output voltage of the rectifier is kept constant even when rectified DC voltage varies because its output is coupled to a DC-DC buck-boost converter. The maximum power of the converter was measured successfully with an MPPT technique by determining the ratio of efficiency to turbine speed.
With a series injection transformer, SAPF injects the compensating voltage in parallel with the voltage supply. Figure 2 illustrates the DC-link voltage generation process using photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy (WE) photovoltaic systems. SAPF is an inverter that uses a VSI made up of transistors and DC-link capacitors, and its compensation is largely influenced by the amount of energy available in the DC-link. This allows a reference value to be set for the DC-link capacitor voltage. A change in the load situation can result in a change in the power balance between the load and the source. SAPF will be able to compensate for variations in real power by using DC-link interfaced RES. This is achieved by injecting the harmonic compensating voltage through an injection transformer in series with the power supply voltage. Through the integration of renewable energy sources into the DC-link, the HSAPF can ensure consistent supply over the long term. The availability of RES in the DC-link in the system causes different kinds of operation to occur in the system, as shown in Table 1.
3. Design Parameters
The inductor () power and the capacitor C supplied current () accumulated in the inductor are expressed in terms of voltage across inductor as
The boost converter’s inductor value is determined from the following expression:where D, Vin are the duty cycle, input voltage, inductor ripple current, and time period, respectively.
As a result of the converter, the average output voltage equals
To maximize wind energy output, a buck-boost converter is connected to PMSG through MPPT techniques. The maximum output voltage of in the line-line voltage of rms value is expressed as
When the buck-boost converter steps up or down after rectification, the voltage is expressed as
The SAPF is designed to restore a certain amount of power when the system supply sags. For a 3.120 kVA load, the following sizing may be recommended. This is in order to reduce 65% voltage sag, while simultaneously compensating the harmonics in the source current and maintaining power factor.
The SAPF should have the ability for long time voltage compensation, so that backup supply is accordingly designed as .
The converter nominal voltage is expressed as .
The converter has the ability of transfer the rms load current and therefore the rating of converter is expressed as .
The SAPF is controlled as VSC and the DC voltage is derived as
The value of is represented as converter switches and AC three-phase line voltages are , , and expressed as
The output of SAPF in volt-current equations can be expressed aswhere and are value of SAPF resistance and inductance.
The SAPF compensating current is expressed as .
The current derivatives of the SAPF are obtained from the following equations:
The SAPF eliminates source current distortions, and only the harmonic component of load voltage is injected. Hence, the line-line fundamental component of voltage is expressed as
Here, the calculated DC-link voltage is .
The DC-link value is approximated to 600 V, P is power of 0.76 kVA, and T is energy storing time. Therefore, the DC-link capacitance value can be calculated as
Thus, the DC-link capacitance value of is considered to be appropriate for proper voltage compensation.
4. ANFIS Controller for HSAPF
HSAPF controls the inverter by computing the reference voltage waveform for every phase, maintaining continuous DC voltage and inverter signals generation. Figure 3 demonstrates the ANFIS control scheme for the proposed HSAPF configuration. With this circuit, the reference voltage generator creates the appropriate reference voltage for the load and compensates for reactive power and harmonics generated by it. A constant DC voltage is maintained across the capacitor with this circuit.
4.1. Architecture of ANFIS Controller
ANFISs combine fuzzy approaches with neural networks (NNs) that can adapt to achieve the required performance. Integrating the characteristics of the rules, fuzzy set topology, and control system structure into an adaptive system is challenging. Due to the lack of standard techniques for turning human knowledge into rules, FLC is an essential component of the fuzzy inference system (FIS). Hence, input and output membership functions have been selected by trial and error based on the size, type, and parameters. As well, the system is limited in its adaptability due to the range of variables that are difficult to adjust. The membership functions should be tuned and the rule base should be simplified to the fewest essential rules as possible. It is proposed that the ANFIS method be used to overcome the complexity described above. NN and fuzzy qualitative approaches are combined in this method. In contrast to standard fuzzy logic, this system is trainable without the need for a lot of expert knowledge. This results in a reduced rule base.
Figure 3 shows a typical ANFIS structure with a circle indicating a fixed node and a square indicating an adaptive node. Input and output nodes are present in this structure, along with hidden layers. Acts as models and rules are contained within these layers. The MATLAB/ANFIS editor is used to generate it after the initial data from the PI controller is obtained. Observers and moderators can easily understand and modify such a feedforward multilayer system, eliminating the disadvantage. In order to simplify things, let us assume that the FIS has two inputs and one output. The Takagi-Sugeno model is based on two inputs (x and y) and an output (z) and employs a fuzzy system model in ANFIS. This system is further tuned using an error propagation-based method. The error backpropagation learning algorithm implemented on a multilayer feedforward neural network can be trained to capture the mapping implicitly.
Using the error backpropagation algorithm, the error value of instantaneous real power and reactive power is calculated bywhere and are two inputs and and are two outputs. It is possible to build up fuzzy logic rules and decide input-output membership functions using the ANFIS, a structure that can be trained using neural learning training examples. Expert knowledge can be integrated into the ANFIS as well. The IF-THEN rules of first-order constitute the basis of the connection structure. Normally, each rule takes an input variable and a constant term as its output. An IF-THEN rule set is with three fuzzy IF-THEN statements for a first-order Sugeno fuzzy model.
5. Reference Voltage Signal Estimation
For three-phase power systems with or without neutrals, instantaneous values can be used to establish the p-q theory. It covers both transient and steady state waveforms in addition to the standard voltage and current waveforms. A p-q theory is a method for computing the current and voltage components of a three-phase input voltage, based on an arithmetic transformation known as Clark’s transformation, which describes how the a-b-c coordinates translate to the α-β-0 reference frame.
Calculating the SAPF instantaneous reference voltages requires a modified p-q theory. According to modified p-q theory, the source voltages are shifted by 90° when calculating instantaneous reactive power. Using LPFs and inverse transformations instead of the conventional AC components, the DC components are removed from the reference voltage before determining the compensation reference voltage.
As shown in Figure 4, the control is mainly aimed at calculating a three-phase reference compensation voltage such as , , and , respectively, to compensate for distortions in the supply phase voltage such as , , and , respectively, at the load terminals by injecting compensating voltages such as , , and correspondingly so as to achieve full sinusoidal at PCC.
The preferred voltages at the load terminals are the supply voltage plus the injected SAPF voltage. Phase-locked loops (PLL), which synchronize with the supply voltage, are used to compensate for the distortion of the supply voltage. Voltage measurements on three phases are sensed and placed into the PLL to generate unit vectors of two quadratures (sin ωt, cos ωt). The sensed voltages from the supplies are being fed into the PLL, which is then multiplied by a suitable gain value. PLLs with discrete three-phase modes provide a frequency of 50 Hz at 50 milliseconds.
The α-β-0 reference frame voltage and current are the characteristics of the three phase supply voltages and the three phase source currents , , and . This filter reclaims a portion of the real power from the essential voltage component by removing the harmonic components of the voltage supply. This filter regains a portion of the real power that is expressed as
The compensating voltage such as , respectively, in α-β-0 reference frame is expressed aswhere and are called essential components and and are called the alternating or varying element. Multiplying the compensating voltage in the reference frame with the expression is used to calculate the reference voltages , , and in the reference frame as
Source voltages are the sum of the load voltages produced by the SAPF, and compensation voltage is represented by
Implementation of a modified p-q theory for a full ANFIS-based control system supports the proposed HRES-HSAPF system. Figure 5 showcases the entire system architecture of the proposed controller based HRES-HSAPF.
6. Simulation Results and Discussion
An implementation of the ANFIS-based modified PQ theory is investigated in this section to control the HSAPF DC-links through RES interfaces, and the effectiveness of this control scheme is estimated under different cases through MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation studies include three different test cases: voltage and load balanced, voltage balanced and unbalanced load, and voltage unbalanced and unbalanced load. Table 2 summarizes the simulation parameters for the RES-HSAPF system.
As shown in Figure 6(a), the test Case 1 is initially considered voltage balanced with a balanced load and is performed for a variety of system voltage and load conditions. The proposed control structure is evaluated by applying a variety of voltage disturbances to the system. The voltage applied to the system has not changed over the period of 0 to 0.04 sec. The system is then subjected to a 25% swell in voltage between 0.04 and 0.1 sec, followed by no voltage from 0.14 to 0.14 sec. As shown in Figure 6(a), a voltage sag of 75% occurs during the same time period. No voltage injection is required from SAPF for the period from 0 to 0.04 sec. During the 0.04 to 0.1 seconds’ period, a 25% voltage swell is detected. The controller compensates for it by applying a negative voltage. In other words, the SAPF injects 25% of the actual 60 V through the SIT. The system voltage is interrupted for 0.1 to 0.14 sec, so compensating for the interruption requires the total nominal voltage. The SAPF injects 240 Vrms in series with the system at the rated system voltage. In this instance, the voltage sag occurs from 0.14 to 0.2 sec, only 25% of the nominal voltage is available, and the controller detects the remaining of 75% shortage. As a result of the switching operation of the HC, the SAPF generates the required voltage and supplies it to the SIT. A load voltage measurement is made after SAPF has performed the compensation. The modified p-q theory control scheme is applied to compensate for voltage sags, swells, and interruptions present in the system.
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The test Case 2, depicted in Figure 6(b), is carried out for various system voltage and load conditions and is considered voltage balanced with an unbalanced load. Tests are performed on a single-phase load connected between two phases in this case to determine whether the load voltages are unbalanced. The controller sets the reference compensating voltage for the HC using the measured voltage prior to compensation. The voltage and current injected through the SAPF are determined by properly identifying voltage imbalances and phase angle jumps. This is to compensate for unbalanced voltage and phase angle jumps. A gate pulse is also generated for the SAPF via this controller. The SAPF produces the required compensating voltage based on the gate signals received. It applies the compensating voltage to the system through SIT.
Likewise, in Test Case 3, as shown in Figure 6(c), voltage unbalanced with unbalanced load is performed for various system voltage and load conditions. Under unbalanced voltages and unbalanced loads, the system performance is evaluated in test Case 3. It is assumed that the load and the system voltage are unbalanced in this test case. To verify this case, the system voltage should be generated with 5th and 7th order harmonics and the load should be operated as a single-phase unbalanced load. As the voltage imbalances between supply and load, accurate measurements of the voltages are sent to the controller. The p-q model based on ANFIS calculates the required voltage for compensation, and it is applied to the hysteresis controller to generate the necessary gating signal. The ANFIS-based modified p-q theory control scheme applied to SAPF eliminates voltage sag, voltage swell, and interruption by inserting a consistent compensating voltage in series with the supply voltage at phase angles of 0° and 180° with the purpose of decreasing voltage sag and swell. The proposed controller effectively compensates neutral currents because before compensation they have a significant number of harmonics.
In Figure 7, THD levels for three-phase source currents with the ANFIS controller before and after compensation are shown. In this case, the THD levels for three-phase source currents before and after compensating with the ANFIS controller are considered. As a result of the ANFIS controller, THD values are reduced to less than 2% after compensation.
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7. Experimental Results and Discussion
A prototype of the proposed system is developed with simulated users for the evaluation of its performance: 240 Vrms, 50 Hz, three-phase, and four-wire system. To implement the control circuit, an STM32F407VGT6 is employed, which operates at 168 MHz. The floating-point unit also has the capability of processing all single-precision data types and commands of an ARM processor. The DSP and memory protection units improve application security by implementing a complete set of DSP instructions. At the PCC, the analog to digital converter acquires and interfaces voltages and source currents. Currently, the controller program calculates reference voltage signals and then compares them with carrier waves to produce gate pulses.
Three voltages and three currents are obtained with the help of six 12 bit ADC channels based on mathematical calculations of sampled data. In order to generate PWM voltage source inverters, you need to calculate and compare gate pulses required for generating reference signals and carrier waves. In order to implement the PWM VSI, six IGBTs from ST Microelectronics are used, and the IR2130 is used as a three-phase bridge driver. The controller generates six gate pulses using optical isolation before the controller connects to the IR2130, and the VSI used had a kVA rating of 1.2 kVA with a turn ratio of 1 : 1.
A set of measurements were conducted with 120 mH source inductor, 20 mH filter inductor, an 80 μF filter capacitor, and a 2200 F DC-link capacitor. The inductance and load resistance were 75 mH and 8 Ohms, respectively. IGBT inverters switch at 10 kHz. Load current and voltage are measured using AC-link voltage sensors and DC-link capacitor voltage sensors. The signal conditioning circuit of an analog to digital converter amplifies and presents the offset needed to complete the conversion. An experimental setup that tests both current and voltage harmonics generation by the SHAPF control scheme is represented in Figure 8.
A balanced sinusoidal system voltage and a balanced load are considered to evaluate the proposed controller performance. At the same time, the act of varying the voltage in the system is intended to manage voltage sags, surges, and interruptions. Figure 9 shows the load voltage sag and required compensation voltage of the SAPF controller generated by generating the reference signal. Figure 9 shows the measured source current and load voltage after the compensation carried out by SAPF. Results prove the effectiveness of the controller's compensation in accurately detecting the variation of the load voltage and source current and generating the correct compensating voltages.
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As shown in Figure 9, the proposed system was tested with an unbalanced voltage as well as an unbalanced load. The tests should include the single-phase loads in a three-phase system simultaneously as well as the nonlinear loads at random. The measured source current and voltage before compensation have distorted and oscillatory waveforms are depicted in Figure 9. Sensors can sense unbalanced and oscillatory waves, which generate the correct gate pulse in terms of compensating current and voltage waveforms.
The proposed controller is tested under unbalanced load conditions, the voltage THD values of phase A of 2.53, phase B of 2.71, and phase C of 2.63%, respectively. Furthermore, THD current values for phase A, B, and C are 3.12, 3.23, and 3.26%, respectively, and experimental THD values for the proposed system are shown in Figure 10.
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Simulations and experimental studies validate the modified p-q theory based on HRES-HSAPF and ANFIS with various test cases. In the proposed system, voltage and current disturbance can be mitigated to a large extent, and its performance can be compared with that of the PI controller. The proposed RES-HSAPF system implemented with the ANFIS controller significantly improves system performance and shows a significant reduction in the THD level from the test results presented in Table 3. In comparison to PI controllers and without HSAPF, the newly developed controller improves the performance of the system.
8. Conclusion
A grid-integrated renewable energy system with a hybrid series active power filter system implemented with an ANFIS controller connected to nonlinear or sensitive loads is presented. In the ANFIS-based modified p-q theory, the ANFIS controller addressed the system parameters and compensated for harmonics, voltage imbalances, and short-term and long-term voltage disturbances in the system. In order to make use of solar and wind power, the HSAPF has been designed to interface to the grid using RES. According to IEEE standard 519–1992, under balanced and unbalanced supply situations, the system compensates for system voltage unbalance, slight and huge voltage interruptions, and harmonics. Among the various tests, the measured THD has always been within the acceptable limit. The current THD level of the system ranges from 30% to 36% without HSAPF implementation. With HSAPF devices installed with PI controllers, the voltage THD is reduced from 20% to 25% and from 3.5 to 3.7%. In addition, this offers lower current and voltage THDs ranging from 2.5% to 2.9% and 1.3% to 1.5%, respectively. The proposed system, in comparison to a conventional controller, reduced the THD values from 30% to 20%. It has been shown to be quite effective without the use of controllers. Moreover, simulations and experiments concluded that the system is able to effectively mitigate voltage-based distortions, short-term and long-term voltage interruptions, and neutral current and improve the system power factor. The system provided consistent active and reactive power, which increased system reliability based on load demand. In order to reduce the use of energy from the utility grid, RES share their energy with the utility grid. This decreases the amount of electricity used from that grid. It is best suited for small- and medium-sized companies to reduce their panel tariffs and eliminate the need for UPS and power quality conditioners.
Data Availability
The data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.