The Heterogeneity of Asthma Phenotypes in Children and Young Adults

Table 2

Child-associated risk factors for asthma in relation to asthma phenotypes, as compared to subjects with no asthma.

Variable	NA^1𝑛 (%)	EOA^2𝑛 (%)	LOA^3𝑛 (%)
Gender
Female	141 (44.3)	6 (54.5)	25 (83.3)
Male	177 (55.6)	5 (55.5)	5 (16.7)
𝑃 value^4		0.549	<0.001
𝑃 value^5	<0.001
Mother with a history; of asthma
No	289 (93.0)	7 (70.0)	24 (82.8)
Yes	22 (7.0)	3 (30.0)	5 (17.2)
𝑃 value^4		0.035	0.067
𝑃 value^5	0.016
Father with a history; of asthma
No	287 (94.7)	7 (70.0)	27 (96.4)
Yes	16 (5.3)	3 (30.0)	1 (3.6)
𝑃 value^4		0.017	1.000
𝑃 value^5	0.020
A history of eczema during the first 7; years of age
No	213 (68.1)	2 (18.2)	20 (66.7)
Yes	100 (31.9)	9 (81.8)	10 (33.3)
𝑃 value^4		0.001	0.877
𝑃 value^5	0.003
Sensitisation by 7 years; of age
No	235 (77.8)	4 (36.4)	14 (53.8)
Yes	67 (22.2)	7 (63.6)	12 (46.2)
𝑃 value^4		0.005	0.014
𝑃 value^5	<0.001
Number of colds during the first year of life
≤5	265 (92.7)	5 (50.0)	21 (87.5)
>5	21 (7.3)	5 (50.0)	3 (12.5)
𝑃 value^4		0.001	0.414
𝑃 value^5	<0.001

¹No asthma, ²early onset asthma, ³late onset asthma.
⁴As compared to no asthma, 𝑃 value based on chi-square, or Fisher’s Exact Test.
⁵Between groups, 𝑃 value based on Exact Test.