|
| Species | Strain | Sensitisation |
Significant findings from the study |
Refs |
| Protein | Route | Adjuvant |
|
| Cow’s milk (CM) allergy |
|
| | C3H/HeJ | CM (0.1, 1, or 2 mg/g body wt) | IG | CT | Increased CM-specific IgE responses, histamine levels, and type 2 cytokines; challenge provoked systemic anaphylaxis | [14] |
| Mouse | C3H/HeJ
BALB/c | CM (1 mg/g body wt) or ground whole PN (10 mg/g body wt) | IG | CT | C3H/HeJ mice were susceptible to both CM and PN, whilst BALB/c mice were resistant | [15] |
| BALB/c | CM protein, IG (0.25 μg–1 mg/g body wt), or IP (10 mg) | IG,
IP | ±CT
(oral) | Sensitisation only successful in IP-sensitised mice | [16] |
| | BALB/c | CM protein
(1 mg/g body wt) | Oral | CT | A shorter sensitisation protocol was achieved (2 weeks) causing increased IL-4 production and a more selective IgG1 response | [17] |
|
| Rat | BN | SSM (500 μg), OVA | IG | CA | Production of reaginic antibodies | [18] |
|
| Hen’s egg (HE) allergy |
|
| Rat | BN | OVA
(0.5 mL/100 g body wt) | IG | CA
(IP) | Production of reaginic antibodies and a dose response | [19] |
| BN | OVA (0.002–20 mg/mL) | DW,
IG | — | Method of dosing protocol greatly affected the immune responses | [20] |
|
Rat;
mouse | BN; BALB/c, B10A, and ASK | OVA (0.1 or 1.0 mg IG) or 5 mg/ml in drinking water | IG | None | BN rats and B10A mice had the highest sensitisation to OVA out of the models examined | [21] |
|
| Pig | — | Crude OVM (100 μg) | IP | CT | Sensitised pigs developed wheal and flare reactions and after oral challenge displayed signs of hypersensitivity; OVM-specific IgG, IgE | [22] |
|
| Peanut (PN) and tree nut allergy |
|
| | C3H/HeJ | Ground PN (5 or 25 mg) | IG | CT | Both allergen doses induced PN-specific IgE; sensitisation is more effective at 5 mg, anaphylactic reactions were also more severe | [23]
|
| | C3H/HeJ
BALB/c | Crude PN extract or
CM protein (βLG, 1 mg) | IG | CT | C3H/HeJ mice were susceptible to PN-induced anaphylaxis, whilst BALB/c mice were completely resistant | [24] |
| Mouse | C57BL/6 | PN protein extract (PPE; 100 ug nasal or 1 mg IG) | Nasal,
IG
| CT | IG sensitisation induced higher peanut- specific IgE and Th2 cytokines; nasal sensitisation caused greater IgG and IL-17 | [25] |
| | BALB/c | Cashew nut (0.05–1 mg)
| TD
| None
| Cashew nut-specific IgE responses; induction of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13); oral challenge provoked systemic anaphylaxis | [26]
|
| | | Hazelnut (HN) protein (1 mg) | TD | None | HN-specific IgE persists (up to 8 months) after allergen withdrawal | [27] |
|
| Dog | — | PN, English walnut, and Brazil nut (1 μg) | SC | Alum
| At 6 months, intradermal skin tests were positive to nut extracts; greatest response generated by PN | [28] |
|
| Pig | — | Crude PN extract (500 μg) | IP | CT | Allergy symptoms following challenge; positive skin prick test/histology from the intestine revealed villi damage and oedema | [29] |
|
| Sheep | — | Crude PN extract (100 μg) | SC | Alum | 40–50% of immunised sheep displayed PN-specific IgE responses; PN-allergic sheep also showed strong IgE reactivity to Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 | [30] |
|
