Acute Effects of an Energy Drink on Myocardial Function Assessed by Conventional Echo-Doppler Analysis and by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography on Young Healthy Subjects

Table 3

Clinical and echocardiographic data after fruit juice assumption (𝑛=35).

	Baseline	Fruit juice	Relative change %	𝑃 value
HR (bpm)	67.1±9.3	67.8 ± 10.6	1	0.84
SBP (mmHg)	118.2±11.8	117.5±8.6	1	0.83
DBP (mmHg)	77±7.9	75.0±6.4	2	0.38
LVEF (%)	63.2±4.3	63.8±4.9	1	0.61
Aortic CW (m/s)	1.14±0.18	1.16±0.10	0	0.78
MAPSE (mm)	15.6±1.6	15.3±1.1	1	0.40
TAPSE (mm)	21.7±2.9	23±3.2	4	0.18
GLS (%)	−20.5±2.2	−21.0±1.9	2	0.36
LA global PALS (%)	42.5±9.7	40.6±8.6	4	0.52
RA global PALS (%)	44.3±8.1	42.0±9.3	3	0.70
Global RVLS (%)	−23.2±3.8	−24.0±3.2	3	0.53
Free wall RVLS (%)	−28.7±5.9	−29.6±4.9	1	0.60
LV twisting (degrees)	10.9±4.1	9.7±3.2	0	0.14
Mitral 𝐸 (cm/s)	0.90±0.10	0.90±0.15	0	0.75
Mitral 𝐴 (cm/s)	0.54±0.10	0.53±0.12	2	0.74
Mitral 𝑆^′ (cm/s)	0.09±0.02	0.09±0.01	0	0.50
Mitral 𝐸^′ (cm/s)	0.17±0.02	0.16±0.02	0	0.18
Mitral 𝐴^′ (cm/s)	0.08±0.02	0.07±0.01	0	0.40
Mitral 𝐸/𝐸^′ (cm/s)	5.30±1.05	5.55±0.7	5	0.50
Tric 𝑆^′ (cm/s)	0.13±0.02	0.14±0.02	0	0.74
Tric 𝐸^′ (cm/s)	0.15±0.03	0.15±0.02	0	0.59
Tric 𝐴^′ (cm/s)	0.1±0.03	0.09±0.01	0	0.74

HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EF: ejection fraction; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; 𝐸: early transmitral flow velocity; 𝐴: atrial transmitral flow velocity; 𝑆^′: systolic mitral annular velocity; 𝐸^′: early diastolic mitral annular velocity; MAPSE: mitral annular plane systolic excursion; TAPSE: tricuspidal annulus plane systolic excursion; GLS: global longitudinal strain; RVLS: right ventricular longitudinal strain; PALS: peak atrial longitudinal strain.