The Association of Endothelin-1 with Markers of Arterial Stiffness in Black South African Women: The SABPA Study
Table 1
Population characteristics stratified by race and sex.
Variable
Men ()
Women ()
Black ()
White ()
value
Black ()
White ()
value
Age (years)
43.1 ± 8.08
45.0 ± 11.1
0.18
45.6 ± 7.95
44.7 ± 10.7
0.52
Body mass index (kg/m2)
27.6 ± 5.80
29.1 ± 5.23
0.061
32.9 ± 7.29
26.1 ± 5.62
<0.001
Waist circumference (mm)
93.6 ± 15.5
101.7 ± 14.5
<0.001
93.9 ± 15.6
87.8 ± 13.0
<0.001
Cardiovascular variables
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
146.0 ± 21.0
137.0 ± 13.0
<0.001
136.0 ± 14.0
132.0 ± 15.0
0.042
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
86.0 ± 11.0
80.0 ± 8.0
<0.001
77.0 ± 8.0
73.0 ± 7.00
<0.001
Pulse pressure (mmHg)
61.0 ± 8.0
56.0 ± 7.0
0.018
50.0 ± 10.0
46.0 ± 7.00
0.80
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)
111.0 ± 14.0
102.0 ± 9.0
<0.001
101.0 ± 9.0
97.0 ± 9.00
<0.001
Stroke volume (mL)
101.0 ± 25.6
103.0 ± 20.4
0.48
102.0 ± 30.0
93.0 ± 24.0
0.014
Arterial compliance (mL/mmHg)
1.89 ± 0.42
2.33 ± 0.52
<0.001
1.86 ± 0.42
1.88 ± 0.40
0.65
Pulse wave velocity (m/s)
9.18 ± 2.29
8.62 ± 1.34
0.039
8.19 ± 1.39
7.47 ± 1.19
<0.001
Hypertension status, (%)
64 (64.6)
85 (85.9)
<0.001
63 (66.3)
87 (88.8)
<0.001
Antihypertensive medication, (%)
35 (17.7)
14 (7.1)
<0.001
33 (16.9)
12 (6.2)
0.019
Biochemical variables
Endothelin-1 (pg/mL)
2.06 ± 1.67
1.92 ± 1.69
<0.001
1.74 ± 1.87
1.90 ± 1.72
<0.001
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
2.73 (0.27–16.1)
1.82 (0.99–8.20)
0.003
7.09 (0.78–35.7)
2.22 (0.99–14.3)
<0.001
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)
1.95 (0.33–3.57)
0.87 (0.27–2.90)
0.032
1.24 (0.41–3.06)
0.95 (0.29–3.63)
0.016
Glycated hemoglobin A1c (%)
6.16 (5.20–9.60)
5.65 (5.10–6.60)
0.032
5.79 (5.10–6.60)
5.36 (4.99–5.90)
<0.001
High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)
1.04 ± 0.34
1.00 ± 0.27
0.36
1.20 ± 0.31
1.42 ± 0.42
<0.001
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)
2.86 ± 0.95
3.91 ± 1.07
<0.001
3.05 ± 1.09
3.94 ± 1.11
<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.72 ± 1.17
5.59 ± 1.21
<0.001
4.46 ± 1.21
5.54 ± 1.31
<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.46 (0.57–4.96)
1.30 (0.54–3.16)
0.16
1.11 (0.42–2.13)
0.81 (0.40–2.22)
0.13
Albumin : creatine ratio (mg/mmol/L)
1.46 ± 1.81
0.40 ± 0.99
<0.001
1.73 ± 3.54
0.80 ± 1.60
0.019
Cotinine (ng/mL)
62.9 (5.00–275.0)
77.3 (1.00–623.0)
0.50
48.4 (3.87–271.1)
91.7 (6.00–307.0)
0.21
Gamma glutamyl transferase (U/L)
63.0 (23.6–382.9)
27.5 (11.0–101.9)
<0.001
35.6 (16.7–116.6)
14.2 (6.00–41.0)
<0.001
Values are arithmetic mean ± standard deviation, geometric mean (5th and 95th confidence interval), or number of participants. Analysis of covariance was performed by adjusting for C-reactive protein only.
