Research Article
High Rates of Tramadol Use among Treatment-Seeking Adolescents in Malmö, Sweden: A Study of Hair Analysis of Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use
Table 3
Nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU), detected by hair analysis, with reference to sociodemographic and psychiatric variables (
).
| | | NMPOU positive in hair analysis, (%)
| NMPOU negative in hair analysis, (%)
| value |
| | Sociodemographic variables | | | | | Male sex | 11 (58) | 22 (55) | | | Above 18 years | 9 (47) | 10 (43) | | | Born in Sweden | 17 (90) | 35 (88) | | | Any parent born outside Sweden | 8 (42) | 9 (23) | | | Sentenced for crime | 8 (42) | 12 (30) | | | Victim of crime | 11 (58) | 21 (53) | | | Psychiatric problems in family during upbringing | 5 (26) | 16 (40) | | | Psychiatric variables | | | | | MINI, all alcohol use disorders | 4 (21) | 11 (28) | | | MINI, all drug use disorders | 16 (84) | 31 (78) | | | MINI, affective disorders | 8 (42) | 22 (55) | | | MINI, anxiety disorders | 6 (32) | 22 (55) | | | MINI, psychotic disorders | 2 (11) | 10 (25) | | | MINI, antisocial personality disorder | 2 (11) | 12 (30) | | | DSM-IV ADHD symptom count above cut-off | 9 (47) | 22 (55) | |
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Fisher’s exact test.
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