A Comparison of Gender Differences in Smoking Behaviors, Intention to Quit, and Nicotine Dependence among Thai University Students
Table 3
Differences of nicotine dependence as measured by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) between males and females (n=364).
Nicotine dependence (FTND)
Male (n=321)
Female (n=43)
p-value
How many cigarettes a day do you smoke?
10 or less (0)
245 (76.3)
39 (90.7)
0.224
11-20 (1)
69 (21.5)
4 (9.3)
21-30 (2)
6 (1.9)
0 (0.0)
31 or more (3)
1 (0.3)
0 (0.0)
How soon after waking do you smoke your first cigarette?
Within 5 minutes (3)
57 (17.8)
4 (9.3)
0.181
6-30 minutes (2)
64 (19.9)
7 (16.3)
31-60 minutes (1)
45 (14.0)
11 (25.6)
After 60 minutes (0)
155 (48.3)
21 (48.8)
Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after awakening than during the rest of the day?
Yes (1)
58 (18.1)
5 (11.6)
0.392
No (0)
263 (81.9)
38 (88.4)
Which cigarette would you hate most to give up?
The first in the morning (1)
91 (28.4)
11 (25.6)
0.857
Any other (0)
230 (71.7)
32 (74.4)
Do you find it difficult not to smoke in places where you should not, such as in a movie theater, at a library?
Yes (1)
93 (29.0)
11 (25.6)
0.722
No (0)
228 (71.0)
32 (74.4)
Do you smoke even if you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day?
Yes (1)
81 (25.2)
9 (20.9)
0.707
No (0)
240 (74.8)
34 (79.1)
Nicotine dependence
Low (0-3)
230 (71.7)
38 (88.4)
0.071
Moderate (4-6)
72 (22.4)
4 (9.3)
High (7-10)
19 (5.9)
1 (2.3)
Mean score of FTND
2.3±2.2
1.8±1.8
0.123
Note: numbers are n (%) or mean ± standard deviation (SD); 0, 1, 2, and 3 indicating score for each answer; : score from 0 to 10 with higher score indicating the higher nicotine dependence.
