On the Measurement of the (Non)linearity of Costas Permutations
Figure 3
The linearity histogram of all Costas permutations of order 15 (a) is well approximated by the Gaussian of the same mean and variance, but the corresponding histogram of order 27 (c) is not, due to the small number of samples. Furthermore, the linearity criterion is efficient: histograms show that the linearity of Costas permutations of order 15 is clearly less than that of an equinumerous collection of randomly chosen permutations of order 15 (b).
