LMI-Based Sliding Mode Observers for Incipient Faults Detection in Nonlinear System

Figure 2

Output estimation error in case 1 using a low frequency disturbance.

(a)  𝑒̃_𝑣1

(b) 𝑒̃_𝑣2

(c) 𝑒̃_𝑣2 at 29.5–30.5 s