Proposal of Damping Function for Low-Reynolds-Number 𝑘-𝜀 Model Applicable in Prediction of Turbulent Viscoelastic-Fluid Flow

Figure 4

(a) Dependence of the storage modulus and loss modulus on a frequency for the viscoelastic fluid of Giesekus model. (b) Scaling relation in the turbulent channel flow with/without drag reduction: shifting in the wave number of the energy-dissipative range by viscoelastic effects.