Simplified Boundary Element Method for Kinematic Response of Single Piles in Two-Layer Soil

Figure 8

Normalized response of a fixed-head pile among simplified approach, BDWF [26], and rigorous results [18] (𝐿/𝑑=20, 𝜌_𝑠/𝜌_𝑝=0.7, 𝛽_𝑠=0.05, and 𝜇_𝑠=0.4).