Abstract
This paper investigates the adaptive synchronization of complex dynamical networks satisfying the local Lipschitz condition with switching topology. Based on differential inclusion and nonsmooth analysis, it is proved that all nodes can converge to the synchronous state, even though only one node is informed by the synchronous state via introducing decentralized adaptive strategies to the coupling strengths and feedback gains. Finally, some numerical simulations are worked out to illustrate the analytical results.
1. Introduction
In recent years, the research on the synchronization of complex dynamical networks has attracted great attention and emerged a large number of outstanding works (e.g., [1–8] and the references therein).
For a network, the synchronization implies that all nodes will converge to the same state, which can be a homogeneous equilibrium point or a periodic orbit. To enhance the synchronization of such network, a lot of research methods are developed, and one of the most significant methods is to design effective adaptive strategies for the relevant parameters, such as the coupling strengths and the feedback gains [1–4, 8–10]. In references [4, 10, 11], there must have information channel by using a special indicator function; however, in reality, the information channel between any two nodes of a network may be lost or changed. Driven by it, we will investigate the synchronization of the complex dynamical networks with switching topology, which can lead to some information channels that occurred as well as another information channels that disappeared, by introducing adaptive strategies to the coupling strengths and feedback gains. Different from [8], the coupling strengths are dynamic and variable, which can change according to the switching signal, the neighbor rule, and the switched coupling configuration . Yet, “fast switching” [5] is hardly to be realized and bears new features and difficulties. Here, we attack the problem by invoking the theory of differential inclusion and nonsmooth analysis [12–18].
So far, most attentions have been focused on nonlinear dynamics satisfying the globally Lipschitz condition. However, many known systems only satisfy the local Lipschitz condition, such as Lorenz system, Chen system, and FitzHugh-Rinzel system [9–11]. In this paper, we will also examine nonlinear dynamics of such complex network satisfying the local Lipschitz condition.
The main contribution of the current work lies in characterizing synchronization of complex dynamical networks. First, the nonlinear dynamics of all nodes and the synchronous goal satisfies the local Lipschitz condition. Second, the adaptive strategies are introduced to the coupling strengths and the feedback gains. Third, the topology of complex dynamical networks can switch even though the information is discontinue, we can also solves the synchronization based on differential inclusion and nonsmooth analysis. In this paper, we will prove that all nodes of the complex dynamical network which is steered by the adaptive strategies can converge to the synchronous goal, even though only one node is informed by the synchronous goal if the neighboring graph remains connected.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the model with the nonlinear dynamics satisfying the local Lipschitz condition, and some preliminaries about the nonsmooth analysis and the local Lipschitz condition are given. The main results are shown in Section 3, while Section 4 presents some simulations to illustrate our theoretical results. The conclusion is given in Section 5.
2. Preliminaries and Model Formulation
2.1. Model Formulation
Consider a dynamical network with nodes, and each node updates its state by where () is the state vector of node , , is a continuous map, and is the neighboring set of node at the instant . Notice that the coupling between the nodes may vary in time. Therefore, the interconnection graph of the model is time varying, where is the switching signal. For all , is the weighted coupling configuration of network (1), which has . If there exists communication channel between node and node at the switching segment , then ; otherwise, . denotes the coupling strengths between node and node . is the feedback controller designed as where , if the node is controlled; otherwise, ; is the feedback gain. is a desired synchronous state for network (1) with
The adaptive strategies on the coupling strengths and the feedback gains are designed as where , , , and are the adaptive parameters of the coupling strength and the feedback gains, respectively.
In the th (for all) time period, the weighted coupling configuration matrix of network (1) is defined as with .
2.2. Mathematical Preliminaries
In this section, we introduce some useful concepts, assumptions, and lemmas.
2.2.1. Concepts of Nonsmooth Analysis
Definition 1 (see [16], Filippov). A vector function is called a solution of equation on if is absolutely continuous on , and for almost all , where .
Definition 2 (see [16], generalized directional derivative). The generalized directional derivative of at in the direction , denoted by , is defined as where is a vector in the Banach space and is a positive scalar.
Definition 3 (see [18]). is called regular if(i)for all , the usual one sided directed derivative exists, (ii)for all , .
2.2.2. Assumptions
Assumption 1. If each of the nonlinear function in network (1) satisfies the local Lipschitz condition, for any compact set , there exists a positive constant , such that
Assumption 2. The synchronous state is bounded; that is, there exists a compact set such that the trajectory of (3) starting from is always in the compact set .
Remark 4. Note that the nonlinear dynamics of network (1) only satisfies the local Lipschitz condition. If the Jacobian matrix of is continuous, then is at least local Lipschitz. Many famous systems may not be governed by global Lipschitz nonlinearity but by local Lipschitz nonlinearity, such as Lorenz system and Chen system; therefore, it is worthy of discussing the local Lipschitz nonlinearity dynamics.
Assumption 3 (see [13]). The interconnection graph remains connected.
2.2.3. Lemmas
Lemma 5 (see [2]). If is a symmetric irreducible matrix with and the matrix with , then all eigenvalues of the matrix are negative.
Lemma 6 (see [18], Chain Rule). Let be a Filippov solution to on an interval containing and let be a Lipschitz and regular function. Then is absolutely continuous, exists almost everywhere, and where
Remark 7 (see [12]). In Lemma 6, the (global) Lipschitz continuity required to can be relaxed to the local condition.
Lemma 8 (see [17], Lyapunov's theorem generalized). If(i) and , for all;(ii) and is absolutely continuous on with then converges to 0 in finite time.
It is worth noting that if the condition in (i) of Lemma 8 cannot hold; then we can have the following lemma.
Lemma 9. If(i), , for all; (ii) and is absolutely continuous on with then converges to 0 as .
Proof. If Lemma 9 is not true, then we have , for all and a.e. on . Therefore,
since is bounded, which contradicts with , for all.
This completes the proof.
3. Main Results
Denote and construct a closed space where and is a constant. Under Assumption 1, for all , there exists a constant such that
In order to get the main result, we construct the following potential function: where is sufficiently large. For convenience, we denote and . Then, we can have the following results.
Theorem 10. Supposing that Assumptions 1–3 hold, then the combined trajectories of all nodes and the parameters in (1) and (2) are geared to a compact hyper-ellipsoid if the initial value is selected from
Proof. Taking the derivative of in , we can get
Under Assumption 3, Lemma 5 implies that in . Since is a sufficiently large positive constant, then
which implies
Similarly,
Thus, we have
Therefore, we can conclude that the combined trajectories of all nodes with the parameters are geared to a compact hyper-ellipsoid if the initial value is selected from .
This completes the proof.
Theorem 11. If network (1) steered by adaptive laws (3) and the initial value of is defined as (18), under Assumptions 1–3, then all nodes will converge to the synchronous state even when only one node is controlled by (2).
Proof. Let . Construct the Lyapunov function, one has
where is a sufficiently large constant.
By Definition 1, we can obtain
Because the topology of network (1) is switching, we have
Also by Definition 3, we know that is regular, then
Hence,
Consequently,
Lemma 5 indicates that all the eigenvalues of are negative, and there exists such that
since is a sufficiently large positive constant.
From Lemma 9, we can get that all the nodes of network (1) can converge to the synchronous state . This completes the proof.
Remark 12. Note also that Theorem 11 is still established when is asymmetric.
Similar to the proof of Theorem 11, we also have since is symmetric.
4. Simulations
In this section, number simulations are given to illustrate our theoretical results. All nodes of network (1) and the synchronous goal share the same nonlinear dynamics described as the Lorenz system as follows: as shown in Figure 1. Then the network can be shown as follows: Figure 2 shows the topology of network (1) with subgraphs (a), (b), and (c) during the time intervals , , , respectively.
![](https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2013/818242/figures/818242.fig.001.jpg)
![(a)](https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2013/818242/figures/818242.fig.002a.jpg)
(a)
![(b)](https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2013/818242/figures/818242.fig.002b.jpg)
(b)
![(c)](https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2013/818242/figures/818242.fig.002c.jpg)
(c)
The initial values of the 10 nodes are chosen randomly, and the initial value of the synchronous goal is . There is only one node informed by the synchronous goal, and the 10th node is given, that is, and . The initial values of the adaptive parameters are with the weight of for all and , while with the weight of for all .
Figure 3 describes the convergence of the state errors on the -axis, -axis, and -axis, respectively. From this figure, we can see that all nodes of network (1) can synchronize to the synchronous state when the neighboring graph remains connected with switching topology even though only one node is informed by the synchronous state. Figure 4 shows the change trends of the adaptive coupling strengths and the adaptive feedback gains, respectively, and all these parameters converge to the constants.
![](https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2013/818242/figures/818242.fig.003.jpg)
![(a) Coupling strengths](https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2013/818242/figures/818242.fig.004a.jpg)
(a) Coupling strengths
![(b) Feedback gain](https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jam/volume-2013/818242/figures/818242.fig.004b.jpg)
(b) Feedback gain
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we have investigated the synchronization of complex dynamical networks with switching topology via differential inclusion method. Different from the most previous work, all nodes and the synchronous state in this paper share the same intrinsic nonlinear dynamics governed by the local Lispchitz condition. By adding decentralized adaptive strategies to the coupling strengths and the feedback gains, all nodes can converge to the synchronous state even when only one node is pinning controlled by the synchronous state if the neighboring graph of the switching topology remains connected.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants (61304049, 61104140, 61203150, 61170113, 61174116), Beijing Natural Science Foundation Program 4122019, Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning under the jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality (PHR201108055), Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Beijing Education Commission (no. KM201310009011), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HUST: Grant no. 2011JC055), the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (RFDP) under Grant no. 20100142120023, and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China under Grant no. 2011CDB042.