Geometrical Variable Weights Buffer GM(1,1) Model and Its Application in Forecasting of China’s Energy Consumption

Table 2

Out-of-sample comparisons among the GVGM, GAGM, and GM models.

Time	Actual value	GVGM(1,1)		GAGM(1,1)		GM(1,1)
		Forecasting value	Relative error (%)	Forecasting value	Relative error (%)	Forecasting value	Relative error (%)
2010	3249.39	3230.08	0.59	3251.57	0.07	3420.94	5.28
2011	3480.02	3431.68	1.39	3385.67	2.71	3700.30	6.33
2012	3617.32	3645.87	0.79	3525.30	2.54	4002.48	10.65
MRE (%)			0.92		1.77		7.42