Abstract
A new continuum model with consideration of driver’s forecast effect is obtained to study the density wave problem and the stop-and-go phenomena. The stability condition of the new model is derived by using linear analysis. The triangular shock wave, one type of density wave, which is determined by Burgers equation in the stable region, is discussed in great detail with reductive perturbation method. The local cluster appears when we perform the numerical simulations for the new model. It also proves that the driver’s forecast effect has the positive effect of reducing the local cluster.
1. Introduction
Traffic jams, the typical signature of the complex behavior of vehicular traffic, have been studied by various traffic models [1–8]. From different theoretical basis, there are microscopic and macroscopic models to describe traffic flow. The dynamical aspects of microscopic models are based on the description of the individual vehicles’ situation. This process is largely determined by the drivers’ behavior and the physical performance of vehicles. The macroscopic models describe traffic streams as a compressible fluid obeying global rules. This coarse-grained means is needed for understanding the collective behavior of traffic, designing efficient control strategies, developing macroscopic traffic simulation, and so forth.
Bando et al. [9] propose the optimal velocity (OV) model to characterize the car-following behavior. Although the OV model is shown to have the universal structure in describing many properties of traffic flow, many approaches to extending the model toward more realistic traffic model have been pursued. Helbing and Tilch [10] develop a generalized force model with a velocity difference term added into the OV model. Xue et al. [11] extend the OV model to take into account the effect of the relative velocity.
The pioneer work of continuum traffic flow models is the LWR model [12, 13]. Although the LWR model can reproduce most basic traffic flow phenomena such as traffic congestion formation and dissipation in heavy traffic, this model can not describe nonequilibrium traffic flow dynamics and does not have the ability to explain the amplification of small disturbances in heavy traffic. To overcome the deficiencies in the LWR model, various macroscopic traffic models have been proposed. Payne [14] introduces a high-order continuum model which can describe the amplification of small disturbances in heavy traffic and allow fluctuations of speed around the equilibrium value. Thus, the Payne model is suitable to describe nonequilibrium situations such as stop-and-go traffic. However, a fundamental principle of traffic flow, that is, a car being influenced only by the motion of cars ahead of it, not by the motion of cars behind it, is violated in the Payne model because one characteristic speed of this model is greater than the macroscopic flow speed. Notice that cars are anisotropic particles and respond only to frontal stimuli. Jiang et al. [15] develop a macroscopic continuum model based on a car-following theory. This model overcomes the characteristic speed problem that exists in many high-order continuum models such as the Payne model.
However, the consistency between microscopic and macroscopic models has been proved [16]. There are also some papers to derive macroscopic continuum models from micromodels (mainly the car-following models), such as [14, 15, 17].
There are many studies to reveal nonlinear phenomena of vehicular traffic, such as stop-and-go, phase transition, self-organized, and the nonlinear waves. Kurtze and Hong [18] derive the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation from one continuum traffic flow model. Zhou et al. [19] obtain the KdV equation and the modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation from the continuum traffic flow model derived from a car-following model. Ou [17] obtains the Burgers equation and the KdV equation from a continuum version of the full velocity difference car-following model. Yu et al. [20] investigate density waves in an optimal velocity model with reaction-time delay of drivers and derive the Burgers, KdV, and mKdV equations. However, the nonlinear waves results of the continuum traffic flow models are far less than those of the car-following models. The reason is probably the complex partial differential forms of the continuum traffic flow models.
In fact, the future traffic situation can be forecasted by the intelligent transportation system (ITS) based on the current traffic status, so the driver may be guided by the forecast information to adjust his/her current acceleration. However, few models consider the drivers forecast effect. Recently, a new car-following model with the driver’s forecast effect is proposed by Tang et al. [21]. Similar to the other models which consider the information of ITS, the model presented by Tang et al. [21] can improve the stability of traffic flow and reduce traffic jams.
In this paper, a new macroversion is obtained based on the anisotropic continuum model proposed by Tang et al. [21]. The density wave problem and the stop-and-go phenomena are studied. In Section 2, the stability condition of the model is derived. In Section 3, the triangular shock wave, which is determined by the Burgers equation in the stable region, is discussed in great detail by using nonlinear analysis. In Section 4, the simulation results are given. These results prove that the driver’s forecast effect has the positive effect of reducing the local cluster. Finally, a summary is given.
2. The Model and Its Stability Analysis
The new car-following model with the consideration of the driver’s forecast effect can be written as follows [21]: where is the reactive coefficient, is the coefficient of the driver’s forecast effect, and is the time-step of the driver forecast. Using the transformation between microvariables and macrovariables, the corresponding anisotropic macrocontinuum model of (1) is obtained [21], that is, the following equations: where is the reactive time given by the inverse of the coefficient , is the propagating velocity of the small perturbation, is the distance between the following and leading vehicles in micromodel, and
To derive the stability condition, the Burgers equation, and its shock solution of the macroversion of (1), the following new macromodel is derived from (2) according to (3); that is, where . Obviously, model (4) is anisotropy.
The linear stability theory will be applied to derive the linear stability condition of model (4). Assume traffic to be initially in a state differing infinitesimally from the uniform steady flow. Similar to the decomposition of the flow of (4) into a linear combination of Fourier modes in [18], we have where and are the uniform steady states of (4). Substituting (5) into (4), linearizing and neglecting the higher-order terms of the small perturbations and , we have From (6), we have Substituting (8) into (7), the following quadratic equation is obtained: Consider the long wave expansion of in (9), which is determined order by order around [8]. By expanding and separating the real part and the imaginary part, the coefficients of and are derived as follows: where .
The linear stability condition of (4) is decided by the real part of . In fact, the uniform traffic flow described by (4) is stable against all infinitesimal disturbances when ; that is, It means that the traffic flow described by (4) is stable when (11) holds.
3. Nonlinear Analysis
To investigate the system behavior in the stable region, we consider the long wavelength modes on coarse-grained scales. The reductive perturbation method as in [8] is applied to (4). Introduce the slow scales for space variable and time variable and define slow variables and as follows: where is a constant to be determined and . We set the density and velocity as Substituting (12) and (13) into (4) and making the Taylor expansions to , the following nonlinear partial differential equations are derived: From the coefficient of in (15), we have The relationship between the perturbation of density and velocity is given by (16) which is the basis of Burgers equation’s derivation. According to (16), we have the value of from the second term of in (14); that is, Then we have Combining (14) and (18), the following equation is derived: In accordance with stability condition (11), the coefficient of the second derivative term on the right hand side of (19) is positive in the stable region. Thus, in the stable region, (19) is just the Burgers equation.
If is of compact support, the solution of Burgers equation, (19), behaves like a train of -triangular shock waves; that is, where , , are the coordinates of the shock fronts, and are the coordinates of the intersections of the slopes with the -axis (). decays to like when . That is to say, any shock wave expressed by (19) in stable traffic flow region will evolve to a uniform flow in the course of time. We see this phenomenon in Figures 1(a) and 1(e) of Section 4.
| (a) |
| (b) |
| (c) |
| (d) |
| (e) |
4. The Numerical Simulation
To check the theoretical results, we carry out numerical simulations for model (4) by using the numerical scheme in [21]. The difference equations are as follows:
(a) if ,
(b) if , where , , , and represent the road section, time, spatial step, and time step, respectively, , , , , and are integers.
To study the local cluster effect of (4), we perform numerical simulations over a system of 32.2 km long highway using (21)–(23). The local cluster effect corresponds to the stop-and-go wave observed in the traffic flow due to the amplification of a small disturbance. We simulate the traffic flow under the periodic boundary conditions. The following variation of the initial density is used as in [15]: where km is the length of the road section under consideration. The periodic boundary conditions are given as follows: Here we use the equilibrium speed-density relationship proposed in [22]: Assume the initial flow to be in local steady state; that is, . Let veh/m, let the space interval be 100 m, and let the time interval be 1 s. The choice of and satisfies the Courant-Friedrichs-Levy (CFL) stability condition. The other parameter values we take are as follows:
Figures 1 and 2 show the evolution of initial uniform traffic flow under the small disturbance.
| (a) |
| (b) |
| (c) |
| (d) |
| (e) |
Figure 1 shows the temporal evolution of traffic flow before 40 minutes for different with . In pattern (a) of Figure 1, the initial density of traffic flow is so low that the disturbance dies out without any amplification with time. With the initial density increasing, small disturbance is amplified and so leads to the instability of traffic flow. The pattern (b) in Figure 1 shows that several local clusters form for the initial density . In pattern (c) of Figure 1, the stop-and-go phenomenon, which is a complex local structure consisting of multiclusters, can be observed. Continuing to increase the initial density , we can see a dipole-like structure which is illustrated by Figure 1(d). In pattern (e) of Figure 1, a stable traffic flow is reached again with the initial density .
Figure 2 shows the temporal evolution of traffic flow before 40 minutes for different with . In patterns of Figure 2, there are no clusters and the disturbances propagate backward without any amplification with different initial densities .
Comparing every subfigure of Figures 1 and 2, the value of is the only different parameter. It is obvious that the increase of leads to the stabilization of traffic flow. So the driver’s forecast effect has the positive effect of reducing the local cluster. This result is coincident with the one in [21].
The above numerical results are not so perfect. The propagation speeds of the perturbation waves we get from our figures are about 40–60 km/h against the traffic direction, which are not very consistent with the ones from the real data. References [23, 24] point out that the propagation velocity which is obtained from the real data should be about –20 km/h. Many factors may lead to this result such as the option of equilibrium function, the difference scheme, or the parameters. The control and optimization problems of the parameters in our model can also be studied [25–30]. We will continue to study these problems in future.
5. Summary
In this paper, a new macroversion is proposed with the consideration of the driver’s forecast effect proposed. The stability condition of the model is derived by using linear analysis. The triangular shock wave which is determined by Burgers equation in the stable region is discussed with reductive perturbation method. The stop-and-go phenomena appear when we carry out the numerical simulation for the model. The driver’s forecast effect which has the positive effect of reducing the local cluster is proved.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants nos. 11102155 and 11102165), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2013JQ7014 and 2012JM1001), the new direction of the Young Scholar of Northwestern Polytechnical University, and Foundation for Fundamental Research of Northwestern Polytechnical University (JC20110265).